Why I'm Quitting World of Warcraft.
by Bruce Gray
I started playing Blizzard's games before there even was such a thing as "World of Warcraft". I happily played hours on end of "Warcraft III". Then they made the big move to World of Warcraft.
This biggest hit I took was when they "leveled the playing field" again recently. When that happened, my major WoW character had finally reached level 120 - which was the maximum at that time. With that character, I felt like I could take on almost any obstacle. But when the latest "update" hit, my character was reduced to a 50th level character, and his primary weapon was removed. This really started my growing dissatisfaction with World of Warcraft. But that had not been the first time that they had purposely lowered all high level characters. There have been others.
The latest "upgrade" was to a part of Shadowlands called "Chains of Domination". Even with my very best characters (and I have two level 60 characters now), I cannot get to the newest world area.
I'm not the usual person who is quitting WoW. Most of the comments I've read are from people who are into PVP, or Player Versus Player. If that had been all I had available, I would have quit long ago.
But there are servers (just a few mind you) that specialize in PVE, or Player Versus Environment. That's the type of WoW I can really get into. PVP, to me, just sounds like another first person shooter. The few times I tried a character in a PVP setting, and every time thereafter, I was usually killed by another player who just killed me to get my stuff. There are times when I was even killed as a first level character by another much higher level character. Why respawn over and over again?
My biggest problem with this is the seemingly endless amount of real cash I have to sink into Blizzard to play WoW. I pay, on average, $15 a month for services that allow me to run any of my characters any higher than 20th level. I've seen a lot of reports about subscription members leaving. At one time, I had heard that they were over five million subscribers. But the exodus of unhappy WoW players, according to some sources, has left them with just under two million subscribers.
Let's crunch some number here. Just to be more than fair, I only allowed for one million subscribers. When I multiply 1,000,000 subscribers times even $10 a month, I get $10,000,000 - =a= =month=. Surely this is enough money to make =any= game better.
But I'm tired or all the changes and all the BS. By Sept 1, 2021, I will no longer be playing World of Warcraft. Will I miss it? Hell, yes. But I fell as though Blizzard has forgotten their core players. There's already rumors that many core WoW fans have left and joined such games as Guild Wards 2, Final Fantasy, and others. And one thing is for certain. I'll be spending my hard earned $15.00 per month on other things.
See you all on the other side.
Bruce Gray
Saturday, August 21, 2021
Monday, August 2, 2021
The Magic Knight
The Magic Knight (Aelf Prodigy).
Note: The Magic Knight Character Class may =only= be used by an Aelf.
The Magic Knight.
CR: 1.
Class: Aelf Prodigy 1.
Type: NG Medium Humanoid (Half-Dwarf and Half-Elf).
Init +3.
Senses. Low-Light Vision, Darkvision 60 ft.; Perception +5.
AC: 18, Touch: 18, Flat-Footed: 15 (+5 Bonus, +3 DEX).
HP: 9 (1d8+1).
Saves: Fort +1, Ref +5, Will +5.
Speed 30 ft.
Melee: Estoc one-handed +2 (2d4, 18-20) or Estoc two-handed +0 (2d4, 18-20).
Special Attacks: Fatal Thrust, Inspired Sequence, Sequence (4 Links).
Magic.
Caster Level: 1; MSB: +1, MSD: 12, Concentration: +4.
Tradition: Fey Magic (Drawbacks: Somatic Casting, Wild Magic, Emotional Casting; Boons: Easy Focus, Overcharge).
Spell Points: 4.
Fallen Fey Sphere - DC 13; Duration: 1 minute/level; Range: none; Talents: Fey Beauty; Drawbacks: None.
- Fey-Link.
- Fey Blessing (Nature-Connection, Fey Beauty).
Life Sphere - DC 13; Duration: None; Range: Touch; Talents: None; Drawbacks: None.
- Cure.
- Invigorate.
- Restore.
Martial.
Tradition: Dedicated Duelist (Equipment: Duelist Training, Finesse Fighting, Unarmored Training; Fencing sphere).
Athletics Sphere - DC 13, Talents: None, Drawbacks: None.
- Coordinated Movement (whenever you take the withdraw action, you regain your martial focus).
- Leap Package (reduce the effective height of any fall by 20 ft. on a successful DC 15 Acrobatics check rather than 10. In addition, the fall is reduced by an additional 10 ft. for every 10 points this check exceeds the target DC).
Equipment Sphere - DC 13, Talents: Duelist Training, Finesse Fighting, Unarmored Training.
- Duelist Training (discipline): Proficiency with Bastard Sword, Butterfly Knife, Double Chicken Saber, Dual Blade, Duelist Sword, Estoc, Greatsword, Longsword, Pistol, Rapier, Shortsword and Swordbreaker Dagger.
- Finesse Fighting (add your DEX to attacks with Finessable weapons).
- Unarmored Training: When unarmored and unencumbered, you gain a +3 armor bonus to your AC, and +1 per 3 ranks you possess in Acrobatics.
Fencing Sphere - DC 13, Talents: None, Drawbacks: None.
- Fatal Thrust (Deal +1d6 Precision Damage to a target that is flat-footed or has lost its DEX bonus to AC).
Abilities: STR: 10, DEX: 15, CON: 12, INT: 12, WIS: 13, CHA: 16.
BAB: ATK: +0; CMB: +0; CMD: +12.
Traits: Combat Healer, Fey-Blood.
Feats: Mystic Focus.
Skills: Acrobatics +6, Bluff +6, Diplomacy +7, Heal +5, Knowledge (Nature) +5, Perception +5, Spellcraft +5.
Languages: Common, Dwarven, Elven.
SQ: Faerie Born, Fey Heart.
Gear: Bloodrager’s Kit (9 GP), Elfleaf (5 GP), Estoc (50 GP), 2 Flasks of Liquid Life (40 GP), 1 GP.
Special Abilities
Athletics Sphere: When you gain the Athletics Sphere, you gain one of the following packages with its included abilities. You may take the Expanded Training talent to gain additional packages. Each package has an associated movement mode and an associated skill. Some abilities require you to be using an associated movement mode to function. When you gain a package, you gain 5 ranks in its associated skill, plus 5 ranks per additional talent spent in the Athletics sphere (maximum ranks equal to your total Hit Dice). If you already have ranks in the associated skill you may immediately retrain them, but you do not get to retrain when only temporarily gaining talents, such as through the Armiger’s Customized Weapons class feature.
If you possess both the (Leap) and (Run) packages, you gain a competence bonus on Acrobatics checks equal to half your BAB instead of retraining the ranks a second time.
In addition, you gain the following ability:
Athletics: Coordinated Movement. Whenever you take the Withdraw action, you regain your martial focus.
Athletics: Leap. You may reduce the effective height of any fall by 20 ft. on a successful DC 15 Acrobatics check rather than 10. In addition, the fall is reduced by an additional 10 ft. for every 10 points this check exceeds the target DC. Associated Movement Mode: Jumping. Associated Skill: Acrobatics.
Easy Focus: When maintaining a Sphere ability through Concentration, you only need to spend a move action to maintain Concentration instead of a standard action. This does not decrease the Sphere ability’s casting time, only the action used to maintain Concentration.
Emotional Casting: Your magic requires heightened emotional states of mind to use. When subject to a non-harmless magical effect that invokes an emotion (such as Fear effects, spells with the (Emotion) descriptor, or Charms such as Fear or Hostility) you are unable to use magic.
Equipment: Duelist Training (Discipline). You gain proficiency with the Bastard Sword, Butterfly Knife, Double Chicken Saber, Dual Blade, Duelist Sword, Estoc, Greatsword, Longsword, Pistol, Rapier, Shortsword and Swordbreaker Dagger.
Equipment: Finesse Fighting. You may use your DEX modifier in place of your STR modifier when calculating your melee attack rolls with light weapons and weapons with the Finesse weapon special feature. You may take this talent a total of two times. If taken a second time, whenever you make an attack using your DEX bonus on attack rolls and your STR bonus on melee damage rolls, you may also add 1/2 your BAB (minimum 1) as a bonus on that damage roll. Associated Feat: Weapon Finesse.
Equipment: Unarmored Training. Your deft movements, physical conditioning, and expert use of your chosen weapons allow you to create a protective barrier around yourself as effective as any true suit of armor. When unarmored and unencumbered, you gain a +3 armor bonus to your AC. This bonus increases by +1 for every 3 points of BAB you possess. Characters who gain Acrobatics as a class skill may instead choose to have the armor bonus increase by +1 for every 3 ranks in the Acrobatics skill they possess.
This bonus to AC applies even against Touch attacks, or when you are Flat-Footed. You lose these bonuses if you are immobilized or helpless, when you wear any armor, or when you carry a medium or heavy load. These bonuses do not stack with the AC bonus class feature of the Monk or similar abilities.
This bonus depends on an intricate awareness of the practicioner’s body and balance, and as such is lost when the target is under any Shapeshift other than blank form, or is Polymorphed into a creature of the Animal, Dragon, Elemental, Magical Beast, Plant, or Vermin type.
Fallen Fey Sphere
Fallen Fey: Fey-Link. As a swift action, you may change your creature type to Fey for 1 minute per caster level. You are treated as a Fey and no longer count as your previous creature type for all purposes including spells, magic items, etc. You still possesses any subtypes you previously possessed (thus, an Elf using this ability would change from a Humanoid with the Elf subtype to a Fey with the Elf subtype).
Whenever Fey-Link is active, you may spend 1 spell point as a free action to gain the benefits of a Fey-Blessing until the end of the Fey-Link. There are no limits to the number of Fey-Blessings you may have active at a time, but each one must be activated separately, and all only endure until the end of the Fey-Link. Renewing a Fey-Link does not increase the duration of a Fey-Blessing, and ends all Fey-Blessings you currently possess.
When you gain the Fallen Fey Sphere, you gain the following Fey-Blessing:
Fallen Fey: Nature-Connection (Fey-Blessing): You gain a +1 bonus on Initiative checks and Knowledge (Geography), Survival, Stealth, and Perception skill checks made within one Terrain of your choice. This bonus increases by +1 for every 5 caster levels you possess. Consult the Ranger list of favored terrains to see potential terrain types. You may gain this Fey-Blessing multiple times, gaining this bonus in a different terrain each time. Magic Talents marked as (Fey-Blessing) grant additional Fey-Blessings.
Fallen Fey: Fey Beauty (Fey-Blessing): You gain a +1 bonus to all CHA-based skill and ability checks. This bonus increases by +1 for every 5 caster levels you possess.
Fencing Sphere. Fencers are quick fighters who use nimble footwork and expert feints to open up their target before landing a fatal blow. When you gain the Fencing Sphere, you gain 5 ranks in the Bluff skill, plus 5 ranks per additional talent spent in the Fencing Sphere (maximum ranks equal to your total Hit Dice). If you already have ranks in the Bluff skill, you may immediately retrain them, but you do not get to retrain when only temporarily gaining talents, such as through the Armiger’s Customized Weapons class feature.
Fencing: Fatal Thrust. Whenever you make an attack action or an Attack of Opportunity against a target that is within 30 ft. and that you are Flanking, that is Flat-Footed, or that has lost its DEX bonus to AC (such as through a successful Feint), you deal an additional +1d6 Precision Damage to the target. This damage is not multiplied by a critical hit. This damage increases by an additional 1d6 Precision Damage for every 5 points of BAB you possess. A Fencer may apply the effects of a single (Exploit) talent to any Fatal Thrust.
Inspired Sequence (Ex): While the prodigy has an active Sequence, she gains an insight bonus on attack and damage rolls and caster level equal to half the length of her Sequence (minimum 1).
Life Sphere. You wield the powers of life.
Life: Cure. As a standard action, you may spend a spell point to touch a target and Heal it for an amount of damage equal to 1d8 plus your caster level. This is a positive energy effect, and as such may be used to harm Undead (Will half).
Life: Invigorate. As a standard action, you may Invigorate a touched creature, granting them temporary hit points equal to your caster level (minimum: 1). Unlike normal temporary hit points, this ability can only be used on an injured target and cannot raise a target’s current hit points plus their temporary hit points to be higher than their total hit points. This benefit lasts for 1 hour. Temporary hit points, even from different sources, do not stack; only the highest bonus applies.
Life: Restore. As a standard action, you may touch a target and spend a spell point to restore their physical and mental health.
This accomplishes all of the following:
Heals 1d4 points of Ability damage to one ability score of your choice.
Removes the Fatigued condition or lessens Exhaustion to Fatigued.
Removes the Sickened condition or lessens Nauseated to Sickened.
Removes the Shaken condition or lessens Frightened to Shaken, or Panicked to Frightened.
Removes the Staggered condition.
Removes the Dazzled condition.
Removes the Battered condition. (When using Spheres of Might.)
If the condition targeted is part of an ongoing effect, this suppresses the effect for a number of rounds equal to your caster level. This cannot be used to Remove Curses or using instantaneous effects.
Overcharge: You may overcharge your magic, giving yourself great power at the cost of your own strength. Whenever you use a Sphere ability, you may give yourself a +2 bonus to your caster level for that ability, but you become Fatigued afterward. If you are already Fatigued, you become Exhausted. If you are Exhausted, you collapse to the ground unconscious for 1d4 rounds. Creatures immune to Fatigue cannot benefit from this boon.
Sequence (Ex): A prodigy may string together actions in combat, building momentum, setting her position, and unbalancing enemies to be able to execute powerful offensive and defensive techniques. Sequences have three parts: Openers, Link Components, and Finishers. The maximum length of a Sequence is 4 links plus 1 link per 3 class levels. Attempts to add additional Links have no effect and anything that would cause the Sequence to lose a Link acts normally. A Prodigy may only have one Sequence active at a time; any actions affect the currently active Sequence. Any time a Prodigy begins her turn without having added a Link to her Sequence since the beginning of her last turn, her active Sequence loses one Link. Should this reduce the Sequence to 0 Links, the Sequence ends and must be started again. If the Prodigy becomes Dazed, Dead, Helpless, Paralyzed, Stunned, or Unconscious, the Sequence immediately ends.
A Sequence requires the rush induced by real danger. As such, a Sequence cannot be started prior to rolling initiative and ends automatically 1 round after there is no longer any apparent immediate threat (such as a hostile creature capable of making an attack or casting a spell or Sphere effect).
Openers: An Opener begins a new Sequence. A newly started Sequence is one Link in length. The following are basic Openers:
Attack: Dealing damage to one or more hostile creatures with an attack action, charge attack (performed as a standard or full-round action), with a Sphere ability with a casting time of a standard action or greater, or with another ability with a standard action or greater activation time.
Critical Hit: Confirming a critical hit against a hostile creature.
Defeat: Reducing a hostile creature with a CR equal to or greater than half the Prodigy’s character level to 0 or fewer hit points.
Heal: Restore hit points to an ally or remove Ability Drain, Ability Damage, or the Blinded, Dazed, Frightened, Nauseated, Shaken, Sickened, or Stunned conditions with an ability that requires at least a standard action.
Maneuver: Succeeding on a combat maneuver check against a hostile creature.
Magic Save: A hostile creature failing a save against a magic Sphere effect. This Sphere effect must have a casting time of a standard action or greater. This Opener may only be used the first time any hostile creature fails a save against that casting.
Reflection: Successfully use the Reflect Spell class feature.
Some abilities, such as possessing certain Spheres, may grant additional Opener options. Such options have the (Open) tag.
Link Components: Successfully performing a Link component increases the length of the Prodigy’s active Sequence by 1 Link. A given action may not add more than 1 Link even if it fulfills the conditions of more than one Link component, such as dealing damage to a hostile creature and that hostile creature failing a save granted by that same effect. Bonus attacks granted by or made as part of a given action (such as the Barrage or Dual Wielding Spheres or the Armiger’s Rapid Assault ability) count as part of the original action for this purpose, though Attacks of Opportunity do not. All Openers function as Link components if performed after a Sequence has been started. No Link component may grant a Link more than once per turn. The following are your basic link components:
Abandon Focus: As a free action, the Prodigy may expend martial focus.
Close the Gap: As a move action, the Prodigy may move up to her speed, ending the movement with a hostile creature within her threatened area. She may sheath one weapon and draw another as a free action as part of this movement.
Counting Coup: As a swift action, a Prodigy may make a touch attack against a creature using a wielded weapon. If successful, this attack deals no damage but completes this (Link). Weapons that require ammunition expend one attack’s worth of ammunition when used with this ability. Such an attack is too glancing to deliver a held touch spell, trigger ammunition properties that function on hit, utilize a thrown splash weapon, or similar effects.
Disengage: As a move action, the Prodigy may move up to half her speed. She does not provoke Attacks of Opportunity for leaving her starting squares. She may sheath one weapon and draw another as a free action as part of this movement.
Preparation: Whenever the Prodigy would be granted an Attack of Opportunity against a hostile creature, she may choose to expend an Attack of Opportunity without making an attack to complete this (Link). She must be capable of making the attack to use this ability.
Save: Succeed on a save against a non-harmless effect originating from a hostile creature.
Swift Heal: Restore hit points to an ally or remove Ability Drain, Ability Damage, or the Blinded, Dazed, Frightened, Nauseated, Shaken, Sickened, or Stunned conditions with an ability that requires at least an immediate action.
Steel Mind: Pass a Concentration check to maintain Concentration on a Sphere effect when taking damage.
Some abilities, such as possessing certain Spheres, may grant additional Link component options.
Such options have the (Link) tag.
Finishers: A Sequence may be ended to activate a Finisher. Each Finisher has a required activation action and some have a minimum Sequence length. Once a Finisher has been used, the Prodigy’s Sequence is ended. Actions taken as part of a Finisher do not count toward the current Sequence nor begin a new Sequence.
The following are your basic Finishers:
Adroit Momentum: A Prodigy may end her Sequence as part of making a skill check to gain a competence bonus equal to the number of Links in the Sequence on that skill check.
Arcane Apocalypse: As a 5 Link Finisher, the Prodigy may cast a Sphere effect as a move action. As a 7 Link Finisher, the Prodigy may cast a Sphere effect as a swift action. As a 9 Link Finisher, the Prodigy may cast up to three Sphere effects, one as a standard, one as a move, and one as a swift action. Each Sphere effect cast in this way must have a normal casting time of no more than 1 standard action.
Certain Strike: As a 3 Link Finisher, the Prodigy may spend a swift action to resolve her next attack roll before the start of her next turn as a touch attack.
Doombringer: As a 3 Link Finisher, the Prodigy may make a single attack as a swift action. If the Sequence is at least 5 Links, the Prodigy may make an attack action in place of a move action. If the Sequence is at least 7 Links, this attack action may instead be done as a swift action. As a 9 Link Finisher, the Prodigy may make up to three attack actions, one as a standard, one as a move, and one as a swift action. Each attack action must have an activation time of no more than a standard action.
Executioner: As a 5 Link Finisher, the Prodigy may spend a move action to automatically threaten a critical on the next attack roll before the end of her turn. If this attack misses, the ability is wasted. If the Sequence is at least 7 Links, this may instead be done as a swift action. This effect may not be combined with any ability or effect that automatically confirms critical threats.
Focus: As a 3 Link Finisher, the Prodigy may regain martial focus as a free action.
Ironhide: The Prodigy may end her Sequence as a immediate action to gain temporary hit points equal to her level that last for a number of rounds equal to the number of Links in her Sequence. This Finisher may be used after the result of an attack is revealed and may allow the Prodigy from dying.
Penetrating Magic: The Prodigy may end her Sequence as part of casting a Sphere effect to gain a bonus equal to the length of her Sequence on any MSB checks made to overcome spell resistance made as part of that effect.
Prodigy’s Reflexes: As a 3 Link Finisher, when targeted by an attack or forced to make a Reflex save, the Prodigy may spend an immediate action to make an Acrobatics check and use the result in place of her AC or Reflex save. She must use that skill check result even if it is lower than her AC. If the Sequence is at least 5 Links, she may instead activate this ability as a free action usable even when it is not her turn.
Resilience: If the Prodigy has a Sequence of at least 5 Links, when failing a saving throw, she may end the Sequence as an immediate action to reroll the save. For every Link beyond 5, you gain a +1 competence bonus on the reroll.
Some abilities, such as possessing certain Spheres, may grant additional Finisher options. Such options have the (Finish) tag.
Sequence: Integrated Techniques: A Prodigy gains additional Sequence options if she possesses certain Spheres:
Athletics: Hard Target (Link): Once per movement, if the Prodigy is attacked as part of an Attack of Opportunity provoked by her movement and the attack fails to hit her AC or if she succeeds on an Acrobatics check (or other associated skill if possessing the Mobility talent) to move through a threatened square without provoking, she adds a Link to her Sequence.
Fencing: Feinting Set-up (Link): A successful Feint as a move action.
Somatic Casting: You must gesture to cast spells—a process that requires you to have at least 1 hand unoccupied. When using magic, you cannot wear armor heavier than light without incurring a chance of arcane spell failure. You may select this drawback twice. If taken a second time, you cannot wear any armor or use any shield without incurring a chance of arcane spell failure.
Wild Magic, Variant: You have a base Wild Magic chance of 10%. This Wild Magic chance does not stack with Wild Magic chances from other sources. You may not possess both this drawback and the Wild Magic general drawback found in Spheres of Power.
Build: The Ice Knight is built with a 20-point buy and 105 GP of starting wealth. Favored Class Bonus is +? of a bonus combat or magic talent. If using a lower point buy, you can lower STR and INT. If using a higher point buy (or rolling really well), your most important attributes are CHA and DEX. CHA is your casting statistic and affects the save DCs of all your magic and martial talents and your spell pool, also bolstering your social skill checks; DEX makes you a great Finesse warrior, increases your initiative, and bolsters AC. WIS is also useful to boost Will saves and be a better healer for your group, while a high CON gives you more hit points.
Playing a Magic Knight
Born of two worlds and infused with magic, you are a vision of beauty and grace on the battlefield. Without any armor to hinder your natural agility, you dance rather than fight, and use your supernatural connection to Fey to bewilder and blind enemies. You are also a healer, and lend succor to hurt friends and allies after a battle.
Future Abilities
Magic Talents: Adrenaline Surge, Beacon of Hope, Blinding Beauty*, Blinding Light, Clarified Strike, Fae Light, Fairy Flight, Glory, Inner Sun, Light Sphere, Solar Strike.
Martial Talents: Expanded Training, Finesse Fighting, Footwork, Lunge, Mobile Striker, Mobility*, Moving Target*, Parry and Riposte, Parry Anything, Skewer, Swift Movement.
Feats: Agile Maneuvers, Combat Expertise, Improved Mystic Assault, Mystic Assault, Piranha Strike, Searing Brilliance, Seraphic Glow, Swordplay Style, Weapon Focus (Estoc).
Note: The Estoc is a type of sword, also called a tuck, in use from the 14th to the 17th century. It is characterized by a cruciform hilt with a grip for two-handed use and a straight, edgeless, but sharply pointed blade of around 36 inches to 52 inches in length. It is noted for its ability to pierce mail armor.
Note: The Magic Knight Character Class may =only= be used by an Aelf.
The Magic Knight.
CR: 1.
Class: Aelf Prodigy 1.
Type: NG Medium Humanoid (Half-Dwarf and Half-Elf).
Init +3.
Senses. Low-Light Vision, Darkvision 60 ft.; Perception +5.
AC: 18, Touch: 18, Flat-Footed: 15 (+5 Bonus, +3 DEX).
HP: 9 (1d8+1).
Saves: Fort +1, Ref +5, Will +5.
Speed 30 ft.
Melee: Estoc one-handed +2 (2d4, 18-20) or Estoc two-handed +0 (2d4, 18-20).
Special Attacks: Fatal Thrust, Inspired Sequence, Sequence (4 Links).
Magic.
Caster Level: 1; MSB: +1, MSD: 12, Concentration: +4.
Tradition: Fey Magic (Drawbacks: Somatic Casting, Wild Magic, Emotional Casting; Boons: Easy Focus, Overcharge).
Spell Points: 4.
Fallen Fey Sphere - DC 13; Duration: 1 minute/level; Range: none; Talents: Fey Beauty; Drawbacks: None.
- Fey-Link.
- Fey Blessing (Nature-Connection, Fey Beauty).
Life Sphere - DC 13; Duration: None; Range: Touch; Talents: None; Drawbacks: None.
- Cure.
- Invigorate.
- Restore.
Martial.
Tradition: Dedicated Duelist (Equipment: Duelist Training, Finesse Fighting, Unarmored Training; Fencing sphere).
Athletics Sphere - DC 13, Talents: None, Drawbacks: None.
- Coordinated Movement (whenever you take the withdraw action, you regain your martial focus).
- Leap Package (reduce the effective height of any fall by 20 ft. on a successful DC 15 Acrobatics check rather than 10. In addition, the fall is reduced by an additional 10 ft. for every 10 points this check exceeds the target DC).
Equipment Sphere - DC 13, Talents: Duelist Training, Finesse Fighting, Unarmored Training.
- Duelist Training (discipline): Proficiency with Bastard Sword, Butterfly Knife, Double Chicken Saber, Dual Blade, Duelist Sword, Estoc, Greatsword, Longsword, Pistol, Rapier, Shortsword and Swordbreaker Dagger.
- Finesse Fighting (add your DEX to attacks with Finessable weapons).
- Unarmored Training: When unarmored and unencumbered, you gain a +3 armor bonus to your AC, and +1 per 3 ranks you possess in Acrobatics.
Fencing Sphere - DC 13, Talents: None, Drawbacks: None.
- Fatal Thrust (Deal +1d6 Precision Damage to a target that is flat-footed or has lost its DEX bonus to AC).
Abilities: STR: 10, DEX: 15, CON: 12, INT: 12, WIS: 13, CHA: 16.
BAB: ATK: +0; CMB: +0; CMD: +12.
Traits: Combat Healer, Fey-Blood.
Feats: Mystic Focus.
Skills: Acrobatics +6, Bluff +6, Diplomacy +7, Heal +5, Knowledge (Nature) +5, Perception +5, Spellcraft +5.
Languages: Common, Dwarven, Elven.
SQ: Faerie Born, Fey Heart.
Gear: Bloodrager’s Kit (9 GP), Elfleaf (5 GP), Estoc (50 GP), 2 Flasks of Liquid Life (40 GP), 1 GP.
Special Abilities
Athletics Sphere: When you gain the Athletics Sphere, you gain one of the following packages with its included abilities. You may take the Expanded Training talent to gain additional packages. Each package has an associated movement mode and an associated skill. Some abilities require you to be using an associated movement mode to function. When you gain a package, you gain 5 ranks in its associated skill, plus 5 ranks per additional talent spent in the Athletics sphere (maximum ranks equal to your total Hit Dice). If you already have ranks in the associated skill you may immediately retrain them, but you do not get to retrain when only temporarily gaining talents, such as through the Armiger’s Customized Weapons class feature.
If you possess both the (Leap) and (Run) packages, you gain a competence bonus on Acrobatics checks equal to half your BAB instead of retraining the ranks a second time.
In addition, you gain the following ability:
Athletics: Coordinated Movement. Whenever you take the Withdraw action, you regain your martial focus.
Athletics: Leap. You may reduce the effective height of any fall by 20 ft. on a successful DC 15 Acrobatics check rather than 10. In addition, the fall is reduced by an additional 10 ft. for every 10 points this check exceeds the target DC. Associated Movement Mode: Jumping. Associated Skill: Acrobatics.
Easy Focus: When maintaining a Sphere ability through Concentration, you only need to spend a move action to maintain Concentration instead of a standard action. This does not decrease the Sphere ability’s casting time, only the action used to maintain Concentration.
Emotional Casting: Your magic requires heightened emotional states of mind to use. When subject to a non-harmless magical effect that invokes an emotion (such as Fear effects, spells with the (Emotion) descriptor, or Charms such as Fear or Hostility) you are unable to use magic.
Equipment: Duelist Training (Discipline). You gain proficiency with the Bastard Sword, Butterfly Knife, Double Chicken Saber, Dual Blade, Duelist Sword, Estoc, Greatsword, Longsword, Pistol, Rapier, Shortsword and Swordbreaker Dagger.
Equipment: Finesse Fighting. You may use your DEX modifier in place of your STR modifier when calculating your melee attack rolls with light weapons and weapons with the Finesse weapon special feature. You may take this talent a total of two times. If taken a second time, whenever you make an attack using your DEX bonus on attack rolls and your STR bonus on melee damage rolls, you may also add 1/2 your BAB (minimum 1) as a bonus on that damage roll. Associated Feat: Weapon Finesse.
Equipment: Unarmored Training. Your deft movements, physical conditioning, and expert use of your chosen weapons allow you to create a protective barrier around yourself as effective as any true suit of armor. When unarmored and unencumbered, you gain a +3 armor bonus to your AC. This bonus increases by +1 for every 3 points of BAB you possess. Characters who gain Acrobatics as a class skill may instead choose to have the armor bonus increase by +1 for every 3 ranks in the Acrobatics skill they possess.
This bonus to AC applies even against Touch attacks, or when you are Flat-Footed. You lose these bonuses if you are immobilized or helpless, when you wear any armor, or when you carry a medium or heavy load. These bonuses do not stack with the AC bonus class feature of the Monk or similar abilities.
This bonus depends on an intricate awareness of the practicioner’s body and balance, and as such is lost when the target is under any Shapeshift other than blank form, or is Polymorphed into a creature of the Animal, Dragon, Elemental, Magical Beast, Plant, or Vermin type.
Fallen Fey Sphere
Fallen Fey: Fey-Link. As a swift action, you may change your creature type to Fey for 1 minute per caster level. You are treated as a Fey and no longer count as your previous creature type for all purposes including spells, magic items, etc. You still possesses any subtypes you previously possessed (thus, an Elf using this ability would change from a Humanoid with the Elf subtype to a Fey with the Elf subtype).
Whenever Fey-Link is active, you may spend 1 spell point as a free action to gain the benefits of a Fey-Blessing until the end of the Fey-Link. There are no limits to the number of Fey-Blessings you may have active at a time, but each one must be activated separately, and all only endure until the end of the Fey-Link. Renewing a Fey-Link does not increase the duration of a Fey-Blessing, and ends all Fey-Blessings you currently possess.
When you gain the Fallen Fey Sphere, you gain the following Fey-Blessing:
Fallen Fey: Nature-Connection (Fey-Blessing): You gain a +1 bonus on Initiative checks and Knowledge (Geography), Survival, Stealth, and Perception skill checks made within one Terrain of your choice. This bonus increases by +1 for every 5 caster levels you possess. Consult the Ranger list of favored terrains to see potential terrain types. You may gain this Fey-Blessing multiple times, gaining this bonus in a different terrain each time. Magic Talents marked as (Fey-Blessing) grant additional Fey-Blessings.
Fallen Fey: Fey Beauty (Fey-Blessing): You gain a +1 bonus to all CHA-based skill and ability checks. This bonus increases by +1 for every 5 caster levels you possess.
Fencing Sphere. Fencers are quick fighters who use nimble footwork and expert feints to open up their target before landing a fatal blow. When you gain the Fencing Sphere, you gain 5 ranks in the Bluff skill, plus 5 ranks per additional talent spent in the Fencing Sphere (maximum ranks equal to your total Hit Dice). If you already have ranks in the Bluff skill, you may immediately retrain them, but you do not get to retrain when only temporarily gaining talents, such as through the Armiger’s Customized Weapons class feature.
Fencing: Fatal Thrust. Whenever you make an attack action or an Attack of Opportunity against a target that is within 30 ft. and that you are Flanking, that is Flat-Footed, or that has lost its DEX bonus to AC (such as through a successful Feint), you deal an additional +1d6 Precision Damage to the target. This damage is not multiplied by a critical hit. This damage increases by an additional 1d6 Precision Damage for every 5 points of BAB you possess. A Fencer may apply the effects of a single (Exploit) talent to any Fatal Thrust.
Inspired Sequence (Ex): While the prodigy has an active Sequence, she gains an insight bonus on attack and damage rolls and caster level equal to half the length of her Sequence (minimum 1).
Life Sphere. You wield the powers of life.
Life: Cure. As a standard action, you may spend a spell point to touch a target and Heal it for an amount of damage equal to 1d8 plus your caster level. This is a positive energy effect, and as such may be used to harm Undead (Will half).
Life: Invigorate. As a standard action, you may Invigorate a touched creature, granting them temporary hit points equal to your caster level (minimum: 1). Unlike normal temporary hit points, this ability can only be used on an injured target and cannot raise a target’s current hit points plus their temporary hit points to be higher than their total hit points. This benefit lasts for 1 hour. Temporary hit points, even from different sources, do not stack; only the highest bonus applies.
Life: Restore. As a standard action, you may touch a target and spend a spell point to restore their physical and mental health.
This accomplishes all of the following:
Heals 1d4 points of Ability damage to one ability score of your choice.
Removes the Fatigued condition or lessens Exhaustion to Fatigued.
Removes the Sickened condition or lessens Nauseated to Sickened.
Removes the Shaken condition or lessens Frightened to Shaken, or Panicked to Frightened.
Removes the Staggered condition.
Removes the Dazzled condition.
Removes the Battered condition. (When using Spheres of Might.)
If the condition targeted is part of an ongoing effect, this suppresses the effect for a number of rounds equal to your caster level. This cannot be used to Remove Curses or using instantaneous effects.
Overcharge: You may overcharge your magic, giving yourself great power at the cost of your own strength. Whenever you use a Sphere ability, you may give yourself a +2 bonus to your caster level for that ability, but you become Fatigued afterward. If you are already Fatigued, you become Exhausted. If you are Exhausted, you collapse to the ground unconscious for 1d4 rounds. Creatures immune to Fatigue cannot benefit from this boon.
Sequence (Ex): A prodigy may string together actions in combat, building momentum, setting her position, and unbalancing enemies to be able to execute powerful offensive and defensive techniques. Sequences have three parts: Openers, Link Components, and Finishers. The maximum length of a Sequence is 4 links plus 1 link per 3 class levels. Attempts to add additional Links have no effect and anything that would cause the Sequence to lose a Link acts normally. A Prodigy may only have one Sequence active at a time; any actions affect the currently active Sequence. Any time a Prodigy begins her turn without having added a Link to her Sequence since the beginning of her last turn, her active Sequence loses one Link. Should this reduce the Sequence to 0 Links, the Sequence ends and must be started again. If the Prodigy becomes Dazed, Dead, Helpless, Paralyzed, Stunned, or Unconscious, the Sequence immediately ends.
A Sequence requires the rush induced by real danger. As such, a Sequence cannot be started prior to rolling initiative and ends automatically 1 round after there is no longer any apparent immediate threat (such as a hostile creature capable of making an attack or casting a spell or Sphere effect).
Openers: An Opener begins a new Sequence. A newly started Sequence is one Link in length. The following are basic Openers:
Attack: Dealing damage to one or more hostile creatures with an attack action, charge attack (performed as a standard or full-round action), with a Sphere ability with a casting time of a standard action or greater, or with another ability with a standard action or greater activation time.
Critical Hit: Confirming a critical hit against a hostile creature.
Defeat: Reducing a hostile creature with a CR equal to or greater than half the Prodigy’s character level to 0 or fewer hit points.
Heal: Restore hit points to an ally or remove Ability Drain, Ability Damage, or the Blinded, Dazed, Frightened, Nauseated, Shaken, Sickened, or Stunned conditions with an ability that requires at least a standard action.
Maneuver: Succeeding on a combat maneuver check against a hostile creature.
Magic Save: A hostile creature failing a save against a magic Sphere effect. This Sphere effect must have a casting time of a standard action or greater. This Opener may only be used the first time any hostile creature fails a save against that casting.
Reflection: Successfully use the Reflect Spell class feature.
Some abilities, such as possessing certain Spheres, may grant additional Opener options. Such options have the (Open) tag.
Link Components: Successfully performing a Link component increases the length of the Prodigy’s active Sequence by 1 Link. A given action may not add more than 1 Link even if it fulfills the conditions of more than one Link component, such as dealing damage to a hostile creature and that hostile creature failing a save granted by that same effect. Bonus attacks granted by or made as part of a given action (such as the Barrage or Dual Wielding Spheres or the Armiger’s Rapid Assault ability) count as part of the original action for this purpose, though Attacks of Opportunity do not. All Openers function as Link components if performed after a Sequence has been started. No Link component may grant a Link more than once per turn. The following are your basic link components:
Abandon Focus: As a free action, the Prodigy may expend martial focus.
Close the Gap: As a move action, the Prodigy may move up to her speed, ending the movement with a hostile creature within her threatened area. She may sheath one weapon and draw another as a free action as part of this movement.
Counting Coup: As a swift action, a Prodigy may make a touch attack against a creature using a wielded weapon. If successful, this attack deals no damage but completes this (Link). Weapons that require ammunition expend one attack’s worth of ammunition when used with this ability. Such an attack is too glancing to deliver a held touch spell, trigger ammunition properties that function on hit, utilize a thrown splash weapon, or similar effects.
Disengage: As a move action, the Prodigy may move up to half her speed. She does not provoke Attacks of Opportunity for leaving her starting squares. She may sheath one weapon and draw another as a free action as part of this movement.
Preparation: Whenever the Prodigy would be granted an Attack of Opportunity against a hostile creature, she may choose to expend an Attack of Opportunity without making an attack to complete this (Link). She must be capable of making the attack to use this ability.
Save: Succeed on a save against a non-harmless effect originating from a hostile creature.
Swift Heal: Restore hit points to an ally or remove Ability Drain, Ability Damage, or the Blinded, Dazed, Frightened, Nauseated, Shaken, Sickened, or Stunned conditions with an ability that requires at least an immediate action.
Steel Mind: Pass a Concentration check to maintain Concentration on a Sphere effect when taking damage.
Some abilities, such as possessing certain Spheres, may grant additional Link component options.
Such options have the (Link) tag.
Finishers: A Sequence may be ended to activate a Finisher. Each Finisher has a required activation action and some have a minimum Sequence length. Once a Finisher has been used, the Prodigy’s Sequence is ended. Actions taken as part of a Finisher do not count toward the current Sequence nor begin a new Sequence.
The following are your basic Finishers:
Adroit Momentum: A Prodigy may end her Sequence as part of making a skill check to gain a competence bonus equal to the number of Links in the Sequence on that skill check.
Arcane Apocalypse: As a 5 Link Finisher, the Prodigy may cast a Sphere effect as a move action. As a 7 Link Finisher, the Prodigy may cast a Sphere effect as a swift action. As a 9 Link Finisher, the Prodigy may cast up to three Sphere effects, one as a standard, one as a move, and one as a swift action. Each Sphere effect cast in this way must have a normal casting time of no more than 1 standard action.
Certain Strike: As a 3 Link Finisher, the Prodigy may spend a swift action to resolve her next attack roll before the start of her next turn as a touch attack.
Doombringer: As a 3 Link Finisher, the Prodigy may make a single attack as a swift action. If the Sequence is at least 5 Links, the Prodigy may make an attack action in place of a move action. If the Sequence is at least 7 Links, this attack action may instead be done as a swift action. As a 9 Link Finisher, the Prodigy may make up to three attack actions, one as a standard, one as a move, and one as a swift action. Each attack action must have an activation time of no more than a standard action.
Executioner: As a 5 Link Finisher, the Prodigy may spend a move action to automatically threaten a critical on the next attack roll before the end of her turn. If this attack misses, the ability is wasted. If the Sequence is at least 7 Links, this may instead be done as a swift action. This effect may not be combined with any ability or effect that automatically confirms critical threats.
Focus: As a 3 Link Finisher, the Prodigy may regain martial focus as a free action.
Ironhide: The Prodigy may end her Sequence as a immediate action to gain temporary hit points equal to her level that last for a number of rounds equal to the number of Links in her Sequence. This Finisher may be used after the result of an attack is revealed and may allow the Prodigy from dying.
Penetrating Magic: The Prodigy may end her Sequence as part of casting a Sphere effect to gain a bonus equal to the length of her Sequence on any MSB checks made to overcome spell resistance made as part of that effect.
Prodigy’s Reflexes: As a 3 Link Finisher, when targeted by an attack or forced to make a Reflex save, the Prodigy may spend an immediate action to make an Acrobatics check and use the result in place of her AC or Reflex save. She must use that skill check result even if it is lower than her AC. If the Sequence is at least 5 Links, she may instead activate this ability as a free action usable even when it is not her turn.
Resilience: If the Prodigy has a Sequence of at least 5 Links, when failing a saving throw, she may end the Sequence as an immediate action to reroll the save. For every Link beyond 5, you gain a +1 competence bonus on the reroll.
Some abilities, such as possessing certain Spheres, may grant additional Finisher options. Such options have the (Finish) tag.
Sequence: Integrated Techniques: A Prodigy gains additional Sequence options if she possesses certain Spheres:
Athletics: Hard Target (Link): Once per movement, if the Prodigy is attacked as part of an Attack of Opportunity provoked by her movement and the attack fails to hit her AC or if she succeeds on an Acrobatics check (or other associated skill if possessing the Mobility talent) to move through a threatened square without provoking, she adds a Link to her Sequence.
Fencing: Feinting Set-up (Link): A successful Feint as a move action.
Somatic Casting: You must gesture to cast spells—a process that requires you to have at least 1 hand unoccupied. When using magic, you cannot wear armor heavier than light without incurring a chance of arcane spell failure. You may select this drawback twice. If taken a second time, you cannot wear any armor or use any shield without incurring a chance of arcane spell failure.
Wild Magic, Variant: You have a base Wild Magic chance of 10%. This Wild Magic chance does not stack with Wild Magic chances from other sources. You may not possess both this drawback and the Wild Magic general drawback found in Spheres of Power.
Build: The Ice Knight is built with a 20-point buy and 105 GP of starting wealth. Favored Class Bonus is +? of a bonus combat or magic talent. If using a lower point buy, you can lower STR and INT. If using a higher point buy (or rolling really well), your most important attributes are CHA and DEX. CHA is your casting statistic and affects the save DCs of all your magic and martial talents and your spell pool, also bolstering your social skill checks; DEX makes you a great Finesse warrior, increases your initiative, and bolsters AC. WIS is also useful to boost Will saves and be a better healer for your group, while a high CON gives you more hit points.
Playing a Magic Knight
Born of two worlds and infused with magic, you are a vision of beauty and grace on the battlefield. Without any armor to hinder your natural agility, you dance rather than fight, and use your supernatural connection to Fey to bewilder and blind enemies. You are also a healer, and lend succor to hurt friends and allies after a battle.
Future Abilities
Magic Talents: Adrenaline Surge, Beacon of Hope, Blinding Beauty*, Blinding Light, Clarified Strike, Fae Light, Fairy Flight, Glory, Inner Sun, Light Sphere, Solar Strike.
Martial Talents: Expanded Training, Finesse Fighting, Footwork, Lunge, Mobile Striker, Mobility*, Moving Target*, Parry and Riposte, Parry Anything, Skewer, Swift Movement.
Feats: Agile Maneuvers, Combat Expertise, Improved Mystic Assault, Mystic Assault, Piranha Strike, Searing Brilliance, Seraphic Glow, Swordplay Style, Weapon Focus (Estoc).
Note: The Estoc is a type of sword, also called a tuck, in use from the 14th to the 17th century. It is characterized by a cruciform hilt with a grip for two-handed use and a straight, edgeless, but sharply pointed blade of around 36 inches to 52 inches in length. It is noted for its ability to pierce mail armor.
Sunday, August 1, 2021
The Aelf
Ælf
A strange half-breed of a Female Dwarven Parent and a Male Elvish Parent. (Note: A Female Elven Parent and a Male Dwarvish Parent always produces a Dwelf.) It is said by scholars that this is the original humanoid rage of ÆOÆ.
Ælf Racial Traits
Type: (0 RP) Humanoid (Half-Dwarf, Half-Elf).
AC: +4 (+ 2 Natural, +2 DEX).
Abilities: +4 DEX, +4 INT, +4 CHA.
Size: Medium.
Speed: 40.
Bond to the Forest: Ælf gain a +2 dodge bonus to AC when in a Forest.
Darkvision: 60 feet.
Keen Vision: An Ælf’s eyesight is so well developed that he can see double normal distance in all light conditions and gains a +4 racial bonus to all perception checks. Any Ælf who passes within 10 feet of a secret door is entitled to a search check to notice as if actively looking for it.
Innately Magical: Like Dragons, the Elves were once very close to the very stuff of magic itself. An Ælf had the following bonuses due to that connection.
Less difficulty in casting spells.
+4 to concentration checks,
-10% spell failure when wearing armor,
+4 UMD and +2 Caster level when using arcane scrolls.
Elven Magic: An Ælf gains a +4 bonus on caster level checks made to overcome Spell Resistance. In addition, they also receive a +4 racial bonus on Spellcraft checks made to identify the properties of magic items.
Soothing Repose: An Ælf does not need to sleep. They are instead required to mediate once for four hours in any given 24 hour period. Wizards gain the same benefits, but cannot meditate again within the same 24 hour period to regain spells.
The Ælf’s average lifespan is 1,000 years and they suffer none of the effects of aging.
Immunities: Immunity to magical sleep effects and +4 to saving throws against Enchantment spells or effects, +4 saving throws against mind-affecting effects and natural Poisons, Ælf gain the feat Practiced Spell Caster.
Weapon Familiarity: Ælf are proficient with Longbows (including Composite Longbows), Longswords, Rapiers, and Shortbows (including Composite Shortbows), and treat any weapon with the word “Elven” in its name as a martial weapon.
Nimble Attacks: An Ælf may use their DEX modifier instead of their STR modifier on attack rolls with any medium or lighter weapon they are racially familiar with.
Silver Tongued: The Ælf find lying difficult so they have become good at dissembling and sweet talking. They gain a +2 bonus to all Diplomacy and Bluff Checks.
Friend of the Forest: Ælf are so in tune with the forest they gain the following bonuses whenever in forested terrain. They gain +4 bonus to Stealth checks, can move at their normal speed through rough terrain, and have a Climb speed of 20 feet with a +8 to all Climb checks made in any forested conditions.
Treespeech: An Ælf may converse with Plants as if subject to a continual Speak with Plants spell.
Forest Friend: When summoning a creature with the Animal type and no subtype with a Summon spell or effect, increase the duration of that spell by 2 rounds.
Spell-Like Abilities: An Ælf can use the following spells at will: Arcane Mark, Detect Magic, Identify, and Read Magic. He can use Tree Stride up to 3 times per day. Their Caster level is equal to the Ælf’s total character level.
Automatic Languages: Common, Draconic, Elven, and Sylvan.
A strange half-breed of a Female Dwarven Parent and a Male Elvish Parent. (Note: A Female Elven Parent and a Male Dwarvish Parent always produces a Dwelf.) It is said by scholars that this is the original humanoid rage of ÆOÆ.
Ælf Racial Traits
Type: (0 RP) Humanoid (Half-Dwarf, Half-Elf).
AC: +4 (+ 2 Natural, +2 DEX).
Abilities: +4 DEX, +4 INT, +4 CHA.
Size: Medium.
Speed: 40.
Bond to the Forest: Ælf gain a +2 dodge bonus to AC when in a Forest.
Darkvision: 60 feet.
Keen Vision: An Ælf’s eyesight is so well developed that he can see double normal distance in all light conditions and gains a +4 racial bonus to all perception checks. Any Ælf who passes within 10 feet of a secret door is entitled to a search check to notice as if actively looking for it.
Innately Magical: Like Dragons, the Elves were once very close to the very stuff of magic itself. An Ælf had the following bonuses due to that connection.
Less difficulty in casting spells.
+4 to concentration checks,
-10% spell failure when wearing armor,
+4 UMD and +2 Caster level when using arcane scrolls.
Elven Magic: An Ælf gains a +4 bonus on caster level checks made to overcome Spell Resistance. In addition, they also receive a +4 racial bonus on Spellcraft checks made to identify the properties of magic items.
Soothing Repose: An Ælf does not need to sleep. They are instead required to mediate once for four hours in any given 24 hour period. Wizards gain the same benefits, but cannot meditate again within the same 24 hour period to regain spells.
The Ælf’s average lifespan is 1,000 years and they suffer none of the effects of aging.
Immunities: Immunity to magical sleep effects and +4 to saving throws against Enchantment spells or effects, +4 saving throws against mind-affecting effects and natural Poisons, Ælf gain the feat Practiced Spell Caster.
Weapon Familiarity: Ælf are proficient with Longbows (including Composite Longbows), Longswords, Rapiers, and Shortbows (including Composite Shortbows), and treat any weapon with the word “Elven” in its name as a martial weapon.
Nimble Attacks: An Ælf may use their DEX modifier instead of their STR modifier on attack rolls with any medium or lighter weapon they are racially familiar with.
Silver Tongued: The Ælf find lying difficult so they have become good at dissembling and sweet talking. They gain a +2 bonus to all Diplomacy and Bluff Checks.
Friend of the Forest: Ælf are so in tune with the forest they gain the following bonuses whenever in forested terrain. They gain +4 bonus to Stealth checks, can move at their normal speed through rough terrain, and have a Climb speed of 20 feet with a +8 to all Climb checks made in any forested conditions.
Treespeech: An Ælf may converse with Plants as if subject to a continual Speak with Plants spell.
Forest Friend: When summoning a creature with the Animal type and no subtype with a Summon spell or effect, increase the duration of that spell by 2 rounds.
Spell-Like Abilities: An Ælf can use the following spells at will: Arcane Mark, Detect Magic, Identify, and Read Magic. He can use Tree Stride up to 3 times per day. Their Caster level is equal to the Ælf’s total character level.
Automatic Languages: Common, Draconic, Elven, and Sylvan.
Monday, June 7, 2021
Two Questions Answered!
Greetings!
Here's two questions I ask people - and nearly always get what I think are the wrong answers!
Question 1 - What is the current population of Hell right now?
Answer 1 - I belive the correct answer is ZERO. I cannot find any references from any of my Holy Bibles that even seem to indicate that there is anyone or anything currently in Hell. I'll explain this in a bit.
Question 2 - What is the current population of Heaven?
Answer 2 - I belive the correct answer is FIVE. I'll explain this below.
Explanations:
The more I read my Holy Bible, the more I become convinced that there is no one in Hell right now. Many times the Holy Bible speaks about the Final Judgements, but not until Jesus' return to Earth is anything or anyone sent to Hell.
The more I read my Holy Bible, the more I become convinced that there are only five beings in Heaven currently.
First, the three easy ones: God the Father, God the Son (Jesus Christ), and God the Holy Spirit. God said that He created Man in His image. Man has a tri-partite body - that is, the physical body, the soul, and the spirit. God the Father is the Soul of God. God the Son, Jesus Christ, is the Body of God. God the Holy Spirit is the Sprit of God.
Now for the other two people (and, yes, they are human) currently in Heaven. I find no corraborating Biblical evidence of any normal human being currently in Heaven except in two places.
In the Book of Genesis, Chapter Five, verses 21 to 24, is the story of Enoch. Although I intend to include those verse here, the Holy Bible says that Enoch was taken to be with God.
Gen 5:21 And Enoch lived sixty and five years, and begat Methuselah:
Gen 5:22 And Enoch walked with God after he begat Methuselah three hundred years, and begat sons and daughters:
Gen 5:23 And all the days of Enoch were three hundred sixty and five years:
Gen 5:24 And Enoch walked with God: and he was not; for God took him.
This describes to me that Enoch was taken to Heaven while still in his physical body.
The second person in Heaven right now is Elijah. The Holy Bible describes it like ths:
2Ki 2:11 And it came to pass, as they still went on, and talked, that, behold, there appeared a chariot of fire, and horses of fire, and parted them both asunder; and Elijah went up by a whirlwind into heaven.
These are the only humans currently in Heaven. Allow me to explain likt this:
Let's use a fairly current example. Billy Graham, one of the most well recognized Christian people in the world, passed away on February 21, 2018. If current thinking is correct, the Billy Graham has already been in Heaven for about four years. Now let's say that I pass away today. I consider myself to be a Born-Again Christian, and have no doubt that I shall be raised again. But, if I went to heaven on that day, Mr. Graham will have recieved four more years of paradise that I would. Yes, I know Billy Graham certainly deserves an award (or more than one award) from God for this. But, our God is a fair God. We will =all= be risen up at "the last trumpet". The Holy Bible Says:
1Th 4:16 For the Lord himself shall descend from heaven with a shout, with the voice of the archangel, and with the trump of God: and the dead in Christ shall rise first:
1Th 4:17 Then we which are alive and remain shall be caught up together with them in the clouds, to meet the Lord in the air: and so shall we ever be with the Lord.
I don't know what this passage says to you, but I believe it says to me, that =all= Christians shall arise at about the same time. "The Dead in Christ shall rise first". This is when Billy Graham shall arise. "We which are alive and remain shall be caught up." This is when all living Born-Again Christians shall be taken to be with the Lord.
I believe that Enoch and Elijah shall be the "Two Prophets" that the Holy Bible says will preach to Israel for three and one half years.
Any questions?
Here's two questions I ask people - and nearly always get what I think are the wrong answers!
Question 1 - What is the current population of Hell right now?
Answer 1 - I belive the correct answer is ZERO. I cannot find any references from any of my Holy Bibles that even seem to indicate that there is anyone or anything currently in Hell. I'll explain this in a bit.
Question 2 - What is the current population of Heaven?
Answer 2 - I belive the correct answer is FIVE. I'll explain this below.
Explanations:
The more I read my Holy Bible, the more I become convinced that there is no one in Hell right now. Many times the Holy Bible speaks about the Final Judgements, but not until Jesus' return to Earth is anything or anyone sent to Hell.
The more I read my Holy Bible, the more I become convinced that there are only five beings in Heaven currently.
First, the three easy ones: God the Father, God the Son (Jesus Christ), and God the Holy Spirit. God said that He created Man in His image. Man has a tri-partite body - that is, the physical body, the soul, and the spirit. God the Father is the Soul of God. God the Son, Jesus Christ, is the Body of God. God the Holy Spirit is the Sprit of God.
Now for the other two people (and, yes, they are human) currently in Heaven. I find no corraborating Biblical evidence of any normal human being currently in Heaven except in two places.
In the Book of Genesis, Chapter Five, verses 21 to 24, is the story of Enoch. Although I intend to include those verse here, the Holy Bible says that Enoch was taken to be with God.
Gen 5:21 And Enoch lived sixty and five years, and begat Methuselah:
Gen 5:22 And Enoch walked with God after he begat Methuselah three hundred years, and begat sons and daughters:
Gen 5:23 And all the days of Enoch were three hundred sixty and five years:
Gen 5:24 And Enoch walked with God: and he was not; for God took him.
This describes to me that Enoch was taken to Heaven while still in his physical body.
The second person in Heaven right now is Elijah. The Holy Bible describes it like ths:
2Ki 2:11 And it came to pass, as they still went on, and talked, that, behold, there appeared a chariot of fire, and horses of fire, and parted them both asunder; and Elijah went up by a whirlwind into heaven.
These are the only humans currently in Heaven. Allow me to explain likt this:
Let's use a fairly current example. Billy Graham, one of the most well recognized Christian people in the world, passed away on February 21, 2018. If current thinking is correct, the Billy Graham has already been in Heaven for about four years. Now let's say that I pass away today. I consider myself to be a Born-Again Christian, and have no doubt that I shall be raised again. But, if I went to heaven on that day, Mr. Graham will have recieved four more years of paradise that I would. Yes, I know Billy Graham certainly deserves an award (or more than one award) from God for this. But, our God is a fair God. We will =all= be risen up at "the last trumpet". The Holy Bible Says:
1Th 4:16 For the Lord himself shall descend from heaven with a shout, with the voice of the archangel, and with the trump of God: and the dead in Christ shall rise first:
1Th 4:17 Then we which are alive and remain shall be caught up together with them in the clouds, to meet the Lord in the air: and so shall we ever be with the Lord.
I don't know what this passage says to you, but I believe it says to me, that =all= Christians shall arise at about the same time. "The Dead in Christ shall rise first". This is when Billy Graham shall arise. "We which are alive and remain shall be caught up." This is when all living Born-Again Christians shall be taken to be with the Lord.
I believe that Enoch and Elijah shall be the "Two Prophets" that the Holy Bible says will preach to Israel for three and one half years.
Any questions?
Thursday, June 3, 2021
End Times Proofs 3
Proof 3 – Rebuilding the Temple
“But when you shall see the abomination of desolation, spoken of by Daniel the prophet, standing where it should not, (let him that reads understand,) then let them that are in Judea flee to the mountains”.
Paraphrased from Mark 13:14.
The “abomination of desolation” Christ mentions here means the setting up of a false idol, or even a person, to worship instead of God in the Holy of Holies of the rebuilt Temple of Solomon in Jerusalem. But this never occurred after Christ’s sacrifice. In fact, a strange violation of the Jewish Temple in the Holy of Holies happened at Jesus’ death. At the very instant that Jesus gave up His spirit, the large heavy tapestry that hung between the general temple area and the Holy of Holies, in which a Priest of Levi was the only one permitted, tore. The symbolism of this act was to indicate that we no longer needed a priest to be our mediator between God and Man – we now had a permanent advocate in Jesus Christ. But that tapestry tearing also would have made the temple and the Holy of Holies temporarily unclean until the tapestry was remade and remanufactured and restored and the temple had been ritually cleansed afterwards. The Holy of Holies was never supposed to have been seen by people. Only the High Priest was allowed to go into the Holy of Holies. It was considered not just sacred ground, but dangerous to go into the Holy of Holies unprepared. The tapestry that normally hangs between the people’s part of the temple and the Holy of Holies is very richly embroidered and would take quite some time to remake and replace. There are no indications that any animal sacrifices were made in the temple after Jesus’ death, probably because the act of the tapestry tearing would have made the temple temporarily unclean. Of course, the death of Christ, the perfect sacrifice, made animal sacrifices unnecessary. The Jews rejected Christ as their Lord and Savior and would have wanted to continue their usual animal sacrifices. But that would have been impossible after the tearing of the cloth that hid the Holy of Holies from prying eyes. The temple was now unclean and needed to be cleansed before sacrifices could be resumed. Jesus told His Apostles that Herod’s temple would soon be totally destroyed. The invading army of Titus torched and destroyed the Second Temple in 70 AD. No known violation of the Holy of Holies occurred at that time. There is a record of an abomination set up many years before Christ, but here, Christ seems to be speaking of a future event. What temple was Jesus talking about? I believe that it will be a third temple, still to be built. Israel is even now making plans to rebuild the temple a third time. New temple accessories have already been manufactured. New temple acolytes are being trained. A search for a pure red heifer to sacrifice for cleansing the temple is already going on. There is a worldwide search for clues to the location of the lost Ark of the Covenant. Israel makes no secret of the fact that they want to rebuild the Temple of Solomon. It is this future temple that Jesus is talking about. Eventually, there will be a move by Israel to rebuild the temple on the original site. Recent archaeological evidence says that the Islamic temple known as the Dome of the Rock would not have to be demolished in order to rebuild the Jewish temple. Only a small well on the property would have to be removed. Then the animal sacrifices will eventually resume. This last, unfulfilled, prophecy is one of the only events remaining that needs to occur before the rapture and the Second Coming of Christ.
“But when you shall see the abomination of desolation, spoken of by Daniel the prophet, standing where it should not, (let him that reads understand,) then let them that are in Judea flee to the mountains”.
Paraphrased from Mark 13:14.
The “abomination of desolation” Christ mentions here means the setting up of a false idol, or even a person, to worship instead of God in the Holy of Holies of the rebuilt Temple of Solomon in Jerusalem. But this never occurred after Christ’s sacrifice. In fact, a strange violation of the Jewish Temple in the Holy of Holies happened at Jesus’ death. At the very instant that Jesus gave up His spirit, the large heavy tapestry that hung between the general temple area and the Holy of Holies, in which a Priest of Levi was the only one permitted, tore. The symbolism of this act was to indicate that we no longer needed a priest to be our mediator between God and Man – we now had a permanent advocate in Jesus Christ. But that tapestry tearing also would have made the temple and the Holy of Holies temporarily unclean until the tapestry was remade and remanufactured and restored and the temple had been ritually cleansed afterwards. The Holy of Holies was never supposed to have been seen by people. Only the High Priest was allowed to go into the Holy of Holies. It was considered not just sacred ground, but dangerous to go into the Holy of Holies unprepared. The tapestry that normally hangs between the people’s part of the temple and the Holy of Holies is very richly embroidered and would take quite some time to remake and replace. There are no indications that any animal sacrifices were made in the temple after Jesus’ death, probably because the act of the tapestry tearing would have made the temple temporarily unclean. Of course, the death of Christ, the perfect sacrifice, made animal sacrifices unnecessary. The Jews rejected Christ as their Lord and Savior and would have wanted to continue their usual animal sacrifices. But that would have been impossible after the tearing of the cloth that hid the Holy of Holies from prying eyes. The temple was now unclean and needed to be cleansed before sacrifices could be resumed. Jesus told His Apostles that Herod’s temple would soon be totally destroyed. The invading army of Titus torched and destroyed the Second Temple in 70 AD. No known violation of the Holy of Holies occurred at that time. There is a record of an abomination set up many years before Christ, but here, Christ seems to be speaking of a future event. What temple was Jesus talking about? I believe that it will be a third temple, still to be built. Israel is even now making plans to rebuild the temple a third time. New temple accessories have already been manufactured. New temple acolytes are being trained. A search for a pure red heifer to sacrifice for cleansing the temple is already going on. There is a worldwide search for clues to the location of the lost Ark of the Covenant. Israel makes no secret of the fact that they want to rebuild the Temple of Solomon. It is this future temple that Jesus is talking about. Eventually, there will be a move by Israel to rebuild the temple on the original site. Recent archaeological evidence says that the Islamic temple known as the Dome of the Rock would not have to be demolished in order to rebuild the Jewish temple. Only a small well on the property would have to be removed. Then the animal sacrifices will eventually resume. This last, unfulfilled, prophecy is one of the only events remaining that needs to occur before the rapture and the Second Coming of Christ.
End Times Proofs 2
Proof 2 – Jerusalem Rebuilt
“When the Lord shall build up Zion, he shall appear in his glory.”
Paraphrased from Psalms 102:16.
FULFILLED!
What, then, is the second most important date in recent human history? I believe it came when the Israelis recaptured Jerusalem during the Six Day War, and the Israeli flag was raised above the city on June 10, 1967. Just think – Israel, a country that had just barely been born, a country with a new, very small, standing army, took on the might of virtually the entire Arab world and won. During the Six Day War, the Israeli army beat back the Arabic combined forces and raised their flag above Jerusalem on June 10, 1967. The Shofar horns of victory were blown from the Temple Mount itself. This, by the way, was another Jewish Holy Day. Israeli possession of Jerusalem is another fulfillment of Prophecy. Jews must be in control of Jerusalem in order to fulfill many Biblical prophecies. The Bible even gives the approximate borders of modern Jerusalem in Jeremiah 31:38-40: “Behold, the days come, says the Lord, that the city shall be built to the Lord from the tower of Hananeel to the gate of the corner. And the measuring line shall yet go forth over against it upon the hill Gareb, and shall compass about to Goath. And the whole valley of the dead bodies, and of the ashes, and all the fields unto the brook of Kidron, unto the corner of the horse gate toward the east, shall be holy unto the LORD; it shall not be plucked up, nor thrown down any more for ever.”
The architectural elements mentioned here, most still visible, serve as permanent reminders of the borders of current Jerusalem, which is much bigger than the Jerusalem of Jeremiah’s time. The Israelis have rebuilt Jerusalem to one of the largest and most modern cities in the Middle East. Jerusalem was never as much of a center of conflict and power as it is now. Three different religions claim Jerusalem as a Holy city. First, Christians believe that Jerusalem is the city where Jesus ended his ministry and was crucified and then rose from the dead. Second, Hebrews have historical records showing Jerusalem to be the center of their religious beliefs since well before the birth of Christ, with the two temples that have been constructed there in the past. Third, Muslims believe that Mohamed arose to heaven from a rock that is prominently displayed inside the Dome of the Rock. Watch for Israel to try to make Jerusalem the capital city, or the one in which embassies are located, or both. Jews already believe that Jerusalem is their capital city, but it has never been recognized by the United Nations as the capital of Israel. Tel Aviv is the current recognized capital of Israel and the location of other nation’s embassies. By the way, “Tel Aviv” is Hebrew for “tree branch”. This may be a reference to the fig tree blossoming in the End Times that Jesus spoke about in the scriptures. I believe that the Israeli recapture and holding of Jerusalem is one of the last events that will happen in Israel to signify the beginning of the “generation that shall see all things”. This generation should be approximately 40 years or so in length, perhaps longer. I believe that one of the last things that this generation needs in order to be completely fulfilled is the third rebuilding of the Jewish temple in Jerusalem, also called the Temple of Solomon. I believe that the reclamation of Jerusalem by the Jews may be the second most important proof of prophecy available, and another visible sign that the end of the age is near.
One of the most important proofs of the coming End of the Age came on May 14, 2018. Then President Donald Trump signed three Executive Orders:
The first allowed the United States to officially recognize Jerusalem as Israel’s capital city.
The second was to move the American Embassy from its former location in Tel Aviv to Jerusalem.
The third was to require that embassy to reopen on May 14, 2018. This is exactly seventy years from May 14, 1948. Why is seventy years important? Because it is one one the methods to measure a Biblical generation. I belive that this means that people born between May 14, 1948 and May 14, 2018 =will= be the generation that sees the closure of all things.
“When the Lord shall build up Zion, he shall appear in his glory.”
Paraphrased from Psalms 102:16.
FULFILLED!
What, then, is the second most important date in recent human history? I believe it came when the Israelis recaptured Jerusalem during the Six Day War, and the Israeli flag was raised above the city on June 10, 1967. Just think – Israel, a country that had just barely been born, a country with a new, very small, standing army, took on the might of virtually the entire Arab world and won. During the Six Day War, the Israeli army beat back the Arabic combined forces and raised their flag above Jerusalem on June 10, 1967. The Shofar horns of victory were blown from the Temple Mount itself. This, by the way, was another Jewish Holy Day. Israeli possession of Jerusalem is another fulfillment of Prophecy. Jews must be in control of Jerusalem in order to fulfill many Biblical prophecies. The Bible even gives the approximate borders of modern Jerusalem in Jeremiah 31:38-40: “Behold, the days come, says the Lord, that the city shall be built to the Lord from the tower of Hananeel to the gate of the corner. And the measuring line shall yet go forth over against it upon the hill Gareb, and shall compass about to Goath. And the whole valley of the dead bodies, and of the ashes, and all the fields unto the brook of Kidron, unto the corner of the horse gate toward the east, shall be holy unto the LORD; it shall not be plucked up, nor thrown down any more for ever.”
The architectural elements mentioned here, most still visible, serve as permanent reminders of the borders of current Jerusalem, which is much bigger than the Jerusalem of Jeremiah’s time. The Israelis have rebuilt Jerusalem to one of the largest and most modern cities in the Middle East. Jerusalem was never as much of a center of conflict and power as it is now. Three different religions claim Jerusalem as a Holy city. First, Christians believe that Jerusalem is the city where Jesus ended his ministry and was crucified and then rose from the dead. Second, Hebrews have historical records showing Jerusalem to be the center of their religious beliefs since well before the birth of Christ, with the two temples that have been constructed there in the past. Third, Muslims believe that Mohamed arose to heaven from a rock that is prominently displayed inside the Dome of the Rock. Watch for Israel to try to make Jerusalem the capital city, or the one in which embassies are located, or both. Jews already believe that Jerusalem is their capital city, but it has never been recognized by the United Nations as the capital of Israel. Tel Aviv is the current recognized capital of Israel and the location of other nation’s embassies. By the way, “Tel Aviv” is Hebrew for “tree branch”. This may be a reference to the fig tree blossoming in the End Times that Jesus spoke about in the scriptures. I believe that the Israeli recapture and holding of Jerusalem is one of the last events that will happen in Israel to signify the beginning of the “generation that shall see all things”. This generation should be approximately 40 years or so in length, perhaps longer. I believe that one of the last things that this generation needs in order to be completely fulfilled is the third rebuilding of the Jewish temple in Jerusalem, also called the Temple of Solomon. I believe that the reclamation of Jerusalem by the Jews may be the second most important proof of prophecy available, and another visible sign that the end of the age is near.
One of the most important proofs of the coming End of the Age came on May 14, 2018. Then President Donald Trump signed three Executive Orders:
The first allowed the United States to officially recognize Jerusalem as Israel’s capital city.
The second was to move the American Embassy from its former location in Tel Aviv to Jerusalem.
The third was to require that embassy to reopen on May 14, 2018. This is exactly seventy years from May 14, 1948. Why is seventy years important? Because it is one one the methods to measure a Biblical generation. I belive that this means that people born between May 14, 1948 and May 14, 2018 =will= be the generation that sees the closure of all things.
End Times Proofs 1
Proof 1 – Israel Restored
"God said: ‘On the day that I shall have cleansed you from all your sins, I will also cause you to live in the cities, and the wastes shall be rebuilt. And the desolate land shall be plowed, where before it lay desolate in the sight of all that passed. They shall say, 'This land that was desolate has become like the Garden of Eden; and the wasted, desolate, and ruined cities have become fenced, and are inhabited'."
Paraphrased from Ezekiel 36: 33-35.
FULFILLED!
What was the most important date in human history in the last hundred years?
Many people would point to events such as the Twin Towers Tragedy, the beginning or the end of World War One or World War Two, the Korean or Vietnam conflicts, and others. But I believe that the most important date in recent human history came on May 14, 1948, when Israel was officially recognized by the United Nations as a country. Why is this that important? For Biblical prophecy to be fulfilled, Israel must be recognized as a nation by the world. The Roman army of Titus decimated Israel and Jerusalem, and Herod’s Temple, the second Temple of Solomon, was burned to the ground in 70 AD. Israel did not exist as a nation again until relatively recently. Latter chapters of Ezekiel deal primarily with events that are to take place at the Second Coming of Christ. In order for some of those prophecies to be fulfilled, Israel must be recognized by the world as a nation. This official recognition finally came on May 14, 1948, which, by the way, was also a Jewish Holy Day. Many Arab nations refused to acknowledge that Israel was a nation until after the Six Day War. In fact, some Arab nations did not sign the official document recognizing Israel as a nation until 1974. Israel must be allowed to rebuild itself in order to fulfill prophecies like the one above. Israel is certainly being replenished now. A program of replanting trees and flowers is literally bearing fruit and the land is now fertile and being sown with many fruits and vegetables. Many of the old cities have been rebuilt and re-inhabited, and are as modern as large cities of today, even though many only started rebuilding in 1948 or later. Dates, fig trees, olive trees, and many other fruits and vegetables are grown throughout Israel. Flowers are everywhere. Israel is on an ambitious campaign to refurbish lands that were made desolate by the constant warfare around Jerusalem. Hillsides around Jerusalem and other cities that once showed the scars of war have been and are being replanted. The Zionistic movement is also another fulfillment of this prophecy. Jews are being allowed to return to Israel. Many Jews are coming from countries where emigration was previously banned, such as Russia and other Communist controlled nations. These Jews, coming from all over the world, are causing Israel to be re-inhabited. Israel is having growing pains associated with the Jewish people returning. New Jewish settlements frequently uproot non-Jewish settlements already in the area. Protests by Arabs and Palestinians in those areas are frequently ignored. All nations were not in favor of admitting Israel to the United Nations. Many Arab countries wanted to prevent their admission. But the vote was heavily in favor of admission, I believe, because of the then recent tragedy of the Holocaust. I believe that the restoration of Israel as a nation is the most important proof of prophecy available today, and the most visible sign that the end of the age is near.
"God said: ‘On the day that I shall have cleansed you from all your sins, I will also cause you to live in the cities, and the wastes shall be rebuilt. And the desolate land shall be plowed, where before it lay desolate in the sight of all that passed. They shall say, 'This land that was desolate has become like the Garden of Eden; and the wasted, desolate, and ruined cities have become fenced, and are inhabited'."
Paraphrased from Ezekiel 36: 33-35.
FULFILLED!
What was the most important date in human history in the last hundred years?
Many people would point to events such as the Twin Towers Tragedy, the beginning or the end of World War One or World War Two, the Korean or Vietnam conflicts, and others. But I believe that the most important date in recent human history came on May 14, 1948, when Israel was officially recognized by the United Nations as a country. Why is this that important? For Biblical prophecy to be fulfilled, Israel must be recognized as a nation by the world. The Roman army of Titus decimated Israel and Jerusalem, and Herod’s Temple, the second Temple of Solomon, was burned to the ground in 70 AD. Israel did not exist as a nation again until relatively recently. Latter chapters of Ezekiel deal primarily with events that are to take place at the Second Coming of Christ. In order for some of those prophecies to be fulfilled, Israel must be recognized by the world as a nation. This official recognition finally came on May 14, 1948, which, by the way, was also a Jewish Holy Day. Many Arab nations refused to acknowledge that Israel was a nation until after the Six Day War. In fact, some Arab nations did not sign the official document recognizing Israel as a nation until 1974. Israel must be allowed to rebuild itself in order to fulfill prophecies like the one above. Israel is certainly being replenished now. A program of replanting trees and flowers is literally bearing fruit and the land is now fertile and being sown with many fruits and vegetables. Many of the old cities have been rebuilt and re-inhabited, and are as modern as large cities of today, even though many only started rebuilding in 1948 or later. Dates, fig trees, olive trees, and many other fruits and vegetables are grown throughout Israel. Flowers are everywhere. Israel is on an ambitious campaign to refurbish lands that were made desolate by the constant warfare around Jerusalem. Hillsides around Jerusalem and other cities that once showed the scars of war have been and are being replanted. The Zionistic movement is also another fulfillment of this prophecy. Jews are being allowed to return to Israel. Many Jews are coming from countries where emigration was previously banned, such as Russia and other Communist controlled nations. These Jews, coming from all over the world, are causing Israel to be re-inhabited. Israel is having growing pains associated with the Jewish people returning. New Jewish settlements frequently uproot non-Jewish settlements already in the area. Protests by Arabs and Palestinians in those areas are frequently ignored. All nations were not in favor of admitting Israel to the United Nations. Many Arab countries wanted to prevent their admission. But the vote was heavily in favor of admission, I believe, because of the then recent tragedy of the Holocaust. I believe that the restoration of Israel as a nation is the most important proof of prophecy available today, and the most visible sign that the end of the age is near.
Tuesday, April 13, 2021
The Complete Bill of Rights
THE BILL OF RIGHTS
Preamble
The Conventions of a number of the States having, at the time of adopting the Constitution, expressed a desire, in order to prevent misconstruction or abuse of its powers, that further declaratory and restrictive clauses should be added, and as extending the ground of public confidence in the Government will best insure the beneficent ends of its institution;
Resolved, by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America, in Congress assembled, two-thirds of both Houses concurring, that the following articles be proposed to the Legislatures of the several States, as amendments to the Constitution of the United States; all or any of which articles, when ratified by three-fourths of the said Legislatures, to be valid to all intents and purposes as part of the said Constitution, namely:
Amendment I
Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances.
Amendment II
A well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed.
Amendment III
No soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law.
Amendment IV
The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.
Amendment V
No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service in time of war or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation.
Amendment VI
In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the state and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense.
Amendment VII
In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise reexamined in any court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law.
Amendment VIII
Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.
Amendment IX
The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.
Amendment X
The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people.
Amendment XI
The Judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by Citizens of another State, or by Citizens or Subjects of any Foreign State.
(Ratified Feb. 7, 1795)
Amendment XII
The Electors shall meet in their respective States and vote by ballot for President and Vice President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same State with themselves; they shall name in their ballots the person voted for as President, and in distinct ballots the person voted for as Vice President, and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as President, and of all persons voted for as Vice President, and of the number of votes for each, which lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate; - The President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates and the votes shall then be counted; - The person having the greatest number of votes for President, shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed; and if no person have such majority, then from the persons having the highest numbers not exceeding three on the list of those voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the President. But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by states, the representation from each state having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the states, and a majority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice. And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a President whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day of March next following, then the Vice President shall act as President, as in the case of the death or other constitutional disability of the President. The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice President, shall be the Vice President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed, and if no person have a majority, then from the two highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall choose the Vice President; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice President of the United States.
(Ratified July 27, 1804)
Amendment XIII
Section 1. Neither Slavery, nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.
Section 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
(Ratified Dec. 6, 1865)
Amendment XIV
Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.
Section 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice President of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the Executive and Judicial officers of a State, or the members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion, or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State.
Section 3. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, or elector of President and Vice President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any State, who, having previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any State legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may by a vote of two-thirds of each House, remove such disability.
Section 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, obligations and claims shall be held illegal and void.
Section 5. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provision of this article.
(Ratified July 9, 1868)
Amendment XV
Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color or previous condition of servitude.
Section 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
(Ratified Feb. 3, 1870)
Amendment XVI
The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from whatever source derived, without apportionment among the several States, and without regard to any census or enumeration.
(Ratified Feb. 3, 1913)
Amendment XVII
The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, elected by the people thereof for six years; and each Senator shall have one vote. The electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State legislatures.
When vacancies happen in the representation of any State in the Senate, the executive authority of such State shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies: Provided, That the legislature of any State may empower the executive thereof to make temporary appointments until the people fill the vacancies by election as the legislature may direct.
This amendment shall not be so construed as to affect the election or term of any Senator chosen before it becomes valid as part of the Constitution.
(Ratified April 8, 1913)
Amendment XVIII
Section 1. After one year from the ratification of this article the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors within, the importation thereof into, or the exportation thereof from the United States and all territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof for beverage purposes is hereby prohibited.
Section 2. The Congress and the several States shall have concurrent power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
Section 3. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of the several States, as provided in the Constitution, within seven years from the date of the submission hereof to the States by the Congress.
(Ratified Jan. 16, 1919)
Amendment XIX
The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex.
Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
(Ratified Aug. 18, 1920)
Amendment XX
Section 1. The terms of the President and Vice President shall end at noon on the 20th day of January, and the terms of Senators and Representatives at noon on the third day of January, of the years in which such terms would have ended if this article had not been ratified; and the terms of their successors shall then begin.
Section 2. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meeting shall begin at noon on the third day of January, unless they shall by law appoint a different day.
Section 3. If, at the time fixed for the beginning of the term of the President, the President elect shall have died, the Vice President elect shall become President. If a President shall not have been chosen before the time fixed for the beginning of his term, or if the President elect shall have failed to qualify, then the Vice President elect shall act as President until a President shall have qualified; and the Congress may by law provide for the case wherein neither a President elect nor a Vice President elect shall have qualified, declaring who shall then act as President, or the manner in which one who is to act shall be selected, and such person shall act accordingly until a President or Vice President shall have qualified.
Section 4. The Congress may by law provide for the case of the death of any of the persons from whom the House of Representatives may choose a President whenever the right of choice shall have devolved upon them, and for the case of the death of any of the persons from whom the Senate may choose a Vice President whenever the right of choice shall have devolved upon them.
Section 5. Sections 1 and 2 shall take effect on the 15th day of October following the ratification of this article.
Section 6. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States within seven years from the date of its submission.
(Ratified Jan. 23, 1933)
Amendment XXI
Section 1. The eighteenth article of amendment to the Constitution of the United States is hereby repealed.
Section 2. The transportation or importation into any State, Territory, or possession of the United States for delivery or use therein of intoxicating liquors, in violation of the laws thereof, is hereby prohibited.
Section 3. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by conventions in the several States, as provided in the Constitution, within seven years from the date of the submission hereof to the States by the Congress.
(Ratified Dec. 5, 1933)
Amendment XXII
Section 1. No person shall be elected to the office of the President more than twice, and no person who has held the office of President, or acted as President, for more than two years of a term to which some other person was elected President shall be elected to the office of the President more than once. But this Article shall not apply to any person holding the office of President when this Article was proposed by the Congress, and shall not prevent any person who may be holding the office of President, or acting as President, during the term within which this Article becomes operative from holding the office of President or acting as President during the remainder of such term.
Section 2. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States within seven years from the date of its submission to the States by the Congress.
(Ratified Feb. 27, 1951)
Amendment XXIII
Section 1. The District constituting the seat of Government of the United States shall appoint in such manner as the Congress may direct: A number of electors of President and Vice President equal to the whole number of Senators and Representatives in Congress to which the District would be entitled if it were a State, but in no event more than the least populous State; they shall be in addition to those appointed by the States, but they shall be considered, for the purposes of the election of President and Vice President, to be electors appointed by a State; and they shall meet in the District and perform such duties as provided by the twelfth article of amendment.
Section 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
(Ratified March 29, 1961)
Amendment XXIV
Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote in any primary or other election for President or Vice President, for electors for President or Vice President, or for Senator or Representative in Congress, shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any State by reason of failure to pay any poll tax or other tax.
Section 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
(Ratified Jan. 23, 1964)
Amendment XXV
Section 1. In case of the removal of the President from office or of his death or resignation, the Vice President shall become President.
Section 2. Whenever there is a vacancy in the office of the Vice President, the President shall nominate a Vice President who shall take office upon confirmation by a majority vote of both Houses of Congress.
Section 3. Whenever the President transmits to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives his written declaration that he is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, and until he transmits to them a written declaration to the contrary, such powers and duties shall be discharged by the Vice President as Acting President.
Section 4. Whenever the Vice President and a majority of either the principal officers of the executive departments or of such other body as Congress may by law provide, transmit to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives their written declaration that the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, the Vice President shall immediately assume the powers and duties of the office as Acting President. Thereafter, when the President transmits to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives his written declaration that no inability exists, he shall resume the powers and duties of his office unless the Vice President and a majority of either the principal officers of the executive department or of such other body as Congress may by law provide, transmit within four days to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives their written declaration that the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office. Thereupon Congress shall decide the issue, assembling within forty-eight hours for that purpose if not in session. If the Congress, within twenty-one days after receipt of the latter written declaration, or, if Congress is not in session, within twenty-one days after Congress is required to assemble, determines by two-thirds vote of both Houses that the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, the Vice President shall continue to discharge the same as Acting President; otherwise, the President shall resume the powers and duties of his office.
(Ratified Feb. 10, 1967)
Amendment XXVI
Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States, who are 18 years of age or older, to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of age.
Section 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
(Ratified July 1, 1971)
Amendment XXVII
No law, varying the compensation for the services of the Senators and Representatives, shall take effect until an election of Representatives shall have intervened.
(Ratified May 7, 1992)
The Constitution
THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES
We the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.
Article I
Section 1. All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives.
Section 2. The House of Representatives shall be composed of members chosen every second year by the people of the several states, and the electors in each state shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the state legislature.
No person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained to the age of twenty five years, and been seven years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that state in which he shall be chosen.
Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several states which may be included within this union, according to their respective numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole number of free persons, including those bound to service for a term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other Persons. The actual Enumeration shall be made within three years after the first meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. The number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand, but each state shall have at least one Representative; and until such enumeration shall be made, the state of New Hampshire shall be entitled to choose three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations one, Connecticut five, New York six, New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North Carolina five, South Carolina five, and Georgia three.
When vacancies happen in the Representation from any state, the executive authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies.
The House of Representatives shall choose their speaker and other officers; and shall have the sole power of impeachment.
Section 3. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each state, chosen by the legislature thereof, for six years; and each Senator shall have one vote.
Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of the first election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three classes. The seats of the Senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of the second year, of the second class at the expiration of the fourth year, and the third class at the expiration of the sixth year, so that one third may be chosen every second year; and if vacancies happen by resignation, or otherwise, during the recess of the legislature of any state, the executive thereof may make temporary appointments until the next meeting of the legislature, which shall then fill such vacancies.
No person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the age of thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the United States and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that state for which he shall be chosen.
The Vice President of the United States shall be President of the Senate, but shall have no vote, unless they be equally divided.
The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a President pro tempore, in the absence of the Vice President, or when he shall exercise the office of President of the United States.
The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. When sitting for that purpose, they shall be on oath or affirmation. When the President of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside: And no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two thirds of the members present.
Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust or profit under the United States: but the party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment and punishment, according to law.
Section 4. The times, places and manner of holding elections for Senators and Representatives, shall be prescribed in each state by the legislature thereof; but the Congress may at any time by law make or alter such regulations, except as to the places of choosing Senators.
The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by law appoint a different day.
Section 5. Each House shall be the judge of the elections, returns and qualifications of its own members, and a majority of each shall constitute a quorum to do business; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the attendance of absent members, in such manner, and under such penalties as each House may provide.
Each House may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its members for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two thirds, expel a member.
Each House shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time to time publish the same, excepting such parts as may in their judgment require secrecy; and the yeas and nays of the members of either House on any question shall, at the desire of one fifth of those present, be entered on the journal.
Neither House, during the session of Congress, shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which the two Houses shall be sitting.
Section 6. The Senators and Representatives shall receive a compensation for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the treasury of the United States. They shall in all cases, except treason, felony and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at the session of their respective Houses, and in going to and returning from the same; and for any speech or debate in either House, they shall not be questioned in any other place.
No Senator or Representative shall, during the time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the United States, which shall have been created, or the emoluments whereof shall have been increased during such time: and no person holding any office under the United States, shall be a member of either House during his continuance in office.
Section 7. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur with amendments as on other Bills.
Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it become a law, be presented to the President of the United States; if he approve he shall sign it, but if not he shall return it, with his objections to that House in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the objections at large on their journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If after such reconsideration two thirds of that House shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other House, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two thirds of that House, it shall become a law. But in all such cases the votes of both Houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the journal of each House respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the President within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by their adjournment prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law.
Every order, resolution, or vote to which the concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a question of adjournment) shall be presented to the President of the United States; and before the same shall take effect, shall be approved by him, or being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the rules and limitations prescribed in the case of a bill.
Section 8. The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts and excises, to pay the debts and provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United States; but all duties, imposts and excises shall be uniform throughout the United States;
To borrow money on the credit of the United States;
To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several states, and with the Indian tribes;
To establish a uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States;
To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights and measures;
To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and current coin of the United States;
To establish post offices and post roads;
To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries;
To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court;
To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas, and offenses against the law of nations;
To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules concerning captures on land and water;
To raise and support armies, but no appropriation of money to that use shall be for a longer term than two years;
To provide and maintain a navy;
To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces;
To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the union, suppress insurrections and repel invasions;
To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining, the militia, and for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the United States, reserving to the states respectively, the appointment of the officers, and the authority of training the militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress;
To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever, over such District (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of particular states, and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the government of the United States, and to exercise like authority over all places purchased by the consent of the legislature of the state in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dockyards, and other needful buildings; -- And
To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof.
Section 9. The migration or importation of such persons as any of the states now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a tax or duty may be imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each person.
The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may require it.
No bill of attainder or ex post facto Law shall be passed.
No capitation, or other direct, tax shall be laid, unless in proportion to the census or enumeration herein before directed to be taken.
No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any state.
No preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or revenue to the ports of one state over those of another: nor shall vessels bound to, or from, one state, be obliged to enter, clear or pay duties in another.
No money shall be drawn from the treasury, but in consequence of appropriations made by law; and a regular statement and account of receipts and expenditures of all public money shall be published from time to time.
No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States: and no person holding any office of profit or trust under them, shall, without the consent of the Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office, or title, of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign state.
Section 10. No state shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confederation; grant letters of marque and reprisal; coin money; emit bills of credit; make anything but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts; pass any bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts, or grant any title of nobility.
No state shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any imposts or duties on imports or exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing it's inspection laws: and the net produce of all duties and imposts, laid by any state on imports or exports, shall be for the use of the treasury of the United States; and all such laws shall be subject to the revision and control of the Congress.
No state shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty of tonnage, keep troops, or ships of war in time of peace, enter into any agreement or compact with another state, or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not admit of delay.
Article II
Section 1. The executive power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. He shall hold his office during the term of four years, and, together with the Vice President, chosen for the same term, be elected, as follows:
Each state shall appoint, in such manner as the Legislature thereof may direct, a number of electors, equal to the whole number of Senators and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress: but no Senator or Representative, or person holding an office of trust or profit under the United States, shall be appointed an elector.
The electors shall meet in their respective states, and vote by ballot for two persons, of whom one at least shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with themselves. And they shall make a list of all the persons voted for, and of the number of votes for each; which list they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted. The person having the greatest number of votes shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed; and if there be more than one who have such majority, and have an equal number of votes, then the House of Representatives shall immediately choose by ballot one of them for President; and if no person have a majority, then from the five highest on the list the said House shall in like manner choose the President. But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by States, the representation from each state having one vote; A quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two thirds of the states, and a majority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice. In every case, after the choice of the President, the person having the greatest number of votes of the electors shall be the Vice President. But if there should remain two or more who have equal votes, the Senate shall choose from them by ballot the Vice President.
The Congress may determine the time of choosing the electors, and the day on which they shall give their votes; which day shall be the same throughout the United States.
No person except a natural born citizen, or a citizen of the United States, at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the office of President; neither shall any person be eligible to that office who shall not have attained to the age of thirty five years, and been fourteen Years a resident within the United States.
In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death, resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said office, the same shall devolve on the Vice President, and the Congress may by law provide for the case of removal, death, resignation or inability, both of the President and Vice President, declaring what officer shall then act as President, and such officer shall act accordingly, until the disability be removed, or a President shall be elected.
The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services, a compensation, which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within that period any other emolument from the United States, or any of them.
Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take the following oath or affirmation: -- "I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States."
Section 2. The President shall be commander in chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several states, when called into the actual service of the United States; he may require the opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in each of the executive departments, upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices, and he shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for offenses against the United States, except in cases of impeachment.
He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to make treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, shall appoint ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, judges of the Supreme Court, and all other officers of the United States, whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by law: but the Congress may by law vest the appointment of such inferior officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of departments.
The President shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may happen during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions which shall expire at the end of their next session.
Section 3. He shall from time to time give to the Congress information of the state of the union, and recommend to their consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient; he may, on extraordinary occasions, convene both Houses, or either of them, and in case of disagreement between them, with respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper; he shall receive ambassadors and other public ministers; he shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed, and shall commission all the officers of the United States.
Section 4. The President, Vice President and all civil officers of the United States, shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and conviction of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors.
Article III
Section 1. The judicial power of the United States, shall be vested in one Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The judges, both of the supreme and inferior courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior, and shall, at stated times, receive for their services, a compensation, which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office.
Section 2. The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law and equity, arising under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties made, or which shall be made, under their authority;--to all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls;--to all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction;--to controversies to which the United States shall be a party;--to controversies between two or more states;--between a state and citizens of another state;-- between citizens of different states;--between citizens of the same state claiming lands under grants of different states, and between a state, or the citizens thereof, and foreign states, citizens or subjects.
In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, and those in which a state shall be party, the Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction. In all the other cases before mentioned, the Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such exceptions, and under such regulations as the Congress shall make.
The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by jury; and such trial shall be held in the state where the said crimes shall have been committed; but when not committed within any state, the trial shall be at such place or places as the Congress may by law have directed.
Section 3. Treason against the United States, shall consist only in levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court.
The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason, but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture except during the life of the person attainted.
Article IV
Section 1. Full faith and credit shall be given in each state to the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other state. And the Congress may by general laws prescribe the manner in which such acts, records, and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof.
Section 2. The citizens of each state shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of citizens in the several states.
A person charged in any state with treason, felony, or other crime, who shall flee from justice, and be found in another state, shall on demand of the executive authority of the state from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the state having jurisdiction of the crime.
No person held to service or labor in one state, under the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labor, but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be due.
Section 3. New states may be admitted by the Congress into this union; but no new states shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any other state; nor any state be formed by the junction of two or more states, or parts of states, without the consent of the legislatures of the states concerned as well as of the Congress.
The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful rules and regulations respecting the territory or other property belonging to the United States; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to prejudice any claims of the United States, or of any particular state.
Section 4. The United States shall guarantee to every state in this union a republican form of government, and shall protect each of them against invasion; and on application of the legislature, or of the executive (when the legislature cannot be convened) against domestic violence.
Article V
The Congress, whenever two thirds of both houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose amendments to this Constitution, or, on the application of the legislatures of two thirds of the several states, shall call a convention for proposing amendments, which, in either case, shall be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of this Constitution, when ratified by the legislatures of three fourths of the several states, or by conventions in three fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by the Congress; provided that no amendment which may be made prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any manner affect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article; and that no state, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate.
Article VI
All debts contracted and engagements entered into, before the adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States under this Constitution, as under the Confederation.
This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be made in pursuance thereof; and all treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land; and the judges in every state shall be bound thereby, anything in the Constitution or laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding.
The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the members of the several state legislatures, and all executive and judicial officers, both of the United States and of the several states, shall be bound by oath or affirmation, to support this Constitution; but no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under the United States.
Article VII
The ratification of the conventions of nine states, shall be sufficient for the establishment of this Constitution between the states so ratifying the same.
Done in convention by the unanimous consent of the states present the seventeenth day of September in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty seven and of the independence of the United States of America the twelfth. In witness whereof We have hereunto subscribed our Names,
G. Washington-Presidt. and deputy from Virginia
New Hampshire: John Langdon, Nicholas Gilman
Massachusetts: Nathaniel Gorham, Rufus King
Connecticut: Wm: Saml. Johnson, Roger Sherman
New York: Alexander Hamilton
New Jersey: Wil: Livingston, David Brearly, Wm. Paterson, Jona: Dayton
Pennsylvania: B. Franklin, Thomas Mifflin, Robt. Morris, Geo. Clymer, Thos. FitzSimons, Jared Ingersoll, James Wilson, Gouv Morris
Delaware: Geo: Read, Gunning Bedford jun, John Dickinson, Richard Bassett, Jaco: Broom
Maryland: James McHenry, Dan of St Thos. Jenifer, Danl Carroll
Virginia: John Blair--, James Madison Jr.
North Carolina: Wm. Blount, Richd. Dobbs Spaight, Hu Williamson
South Carolina: J. Rutledge, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, Charles Pinckney, Pierce Butler
Georgia: William Few, Abr Baldwin
NOTE: Prepared by Gerald Murphy (Cleveland Free-Net - aa300). Distributed by the Cybercasting Services Division of the National Public Telecomputing Network (NPTN). Permission is hereby granted to download, reprint, and/or otherwise redistribute this file, provided appropriate point of origin credit is given to the preparer(s) and the National Public Telecomputing Network.
The Articles of Confederation
This is the complete text of the original Articles of Confederation. It was, essentially, the first "Constitution" for the united States of America. Many of the current Constitution's clauses and amendments are based on it. I highly recommend that you read it completely. It gives much needed insight upon many of the clauses and meanings of the Constitution.
Articles of Confederation
July 09, 1778
TO ALL TO WHOM these Presents shall come, we the undersigned Delegates of the States affixed to our Names send greeting. Whereas the Delegates of the United States of America in Congress assembled did on the fifteenth day of November in the Year of our Lord One Thousand Seven Hundred and Seventy Seven, and in the Second Year of the Independence of America agree to certain articles of Confederation and perpetual Union between the States of New Hampshire, Massachusetts bay, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia in the Words following, viz. "Articles of Confederation and perpetual Union between the States of New Hampshire, Massachusetts bay, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia".
Article I
The Style of this confederacy shall be "The United States of America."
Article II
Each State retains its sovereignty, freedom and independence, and every Power, Jurisdiction and right, which is not by this confederation expressly delegated to the United States, in Congress assembled.
Article III
The said States hereby severally enter into a firm league of friendship with each other, for their common defence, the security of their Liberties, and their mutual and general welfare, binding themselves to assist each other, against all force offered to, or attacks made upon them, or any of them, on account of religion, sovereignty, trade, or any other pretense whatever.
Article IV
The better to secure and perpetuate mutual friendship and intercourse among the people of the different States in this union, the free inhabitants of each of these States, paupers, vagabonds, and fugitives from Justice excepted, shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of free citizens in the several States; and the people of each State shall have free ingress and regress to and from any other State, and shall enjoy therein all the privileges of trade and commerce, subject to the same duties, impositions and restrictions as the inhabitants thereof respectively, provided that such restriction shall not extend so far as to prevent the removal of property imported into any State, to any other State of which the Owner is an inhabitant; provided also that no imposition, duties or restriction shall be laid by any State, on the property of the united States, or either of them.
If any Person guilty of, or charged with treason, felony, or other high misdemeanor in any State, shall flee from Justice, and be found in any of the united States, he shall upon demand of the Governor or executive power, of the State from which he fled, be delivered up and removed to the State having jurisdiction of his offence.
Full faith and credit shall be given in each of these States to the records, acts and judicial proceedings of the courts and magistrates of every other State.
Article V
For the more convenient management of the general interests of the united States, delegates shall be annually appointed in such manner as the legislature of each State shall direct, to meet in Congress on the first Monday in November, in every year, with a power reserved to each State, to recall its delegates, or any of them, at any time within the year, and to send others in their stead, for the remainder of the Year.
No State shall be represented in Congress by less than two, nor by more than seven Members; and no person shall be capable of being a delegate for more than three years in any term of six years; nor shall any person, being a delegate, be capable of holding any office under the united States, for which he, or another for his benefit receives any salary, fees or emolument of any kind.
Each State shall maintain its own delegates in a meeting of the States, and while they act as members of the committee of the States.
In determining questions in the united States, in Congress assembled, each State shall have one vote.
Freedom of speech and debate in Congress shall not be impeached or questioned in any Court, or place out of Congress, and the members of congress shall be protected in their persons from arrests and imprisonments, during the time of their going to and from, and attendance on congress, except for treason, felony, or breach of the peace.
Article VI
No State without the Consent of the united States in congress assembled, shall send any embassy to, or receive any embassy from, or enter into any conference, agreement, or alliance or treaty with any King, prince or State; nor shall any person holding any office of profit or trust under the united States, or any of them, accept of any present, emolument, office or title of any kind whatever from any king, prince or foreign State; nor shall the united States in congress assembled, or any of them, grant any title of nobility.
No two or more States shall enter into any treaty, confederation or alliance whatever between them, without the consent of the united States in congress assembled, specifying accurately the purposes for which the same is to be entered into, and how long it shall continue.
No State shall lay any imposts or duties, which may interfere with any stipulations in treaties, entered into by the united States in congress assembled, with any king, prince or State, in pursuance of any treaties already proposed by congress, to the courts of France and Spain.
No vessels of war shall be kept up in time of peace by any State, except such number only, as shall be deemed necessary by the united States in congress assembled, for the defence of such State, or its trade; nor shall any body of forces be kept up by any State, in time of peace, except such number only, as in the judgment of the united States, in congress assembled, shall be deemed requisite to garrison the forts necessary for the defence of such State; but every State shall always keep up a well regulated and disciplined militia, sufficiently armed and accoutered, and shall provide and constantly have ready for use, in public stores, a due number of field pieces and tents, and a proper quantity of arms, ammunition and camp equipage.
No State shall engage in any war without the consent of the united States in congress assembled, unless such State be actually invaded by enemies, or shall have received certain advice of a resolution being formed by some nation of Indians to invade such State, and the danger is so imminent as not to admit of a delay, till the united States in congress assembled can be consulted: nor shall any State grant commissions to any ships or vessels of war, nor letters of marque or reprisal, except it be after a declaration of war by the united States in congress assembled, and then only against the kingdom or State and the subjects thereof, against which war has been so declared, and under such regulations as shall be established by the united States in congress assembled, unless such State be infested by pirates, in which case vessels of war may be fitted out for that occasion, and kept so long as the danger shall continue, or until the united States in congress assembled shall determine otherwise.
Article VII
When land-forces are raised by any State for the common defence, all officers of or under the rank of colonel, shall be appointed by the legislature of each State respectively by whom such forces shall be raised, or in such manner as such State shall direct, and all vacancies shall be filled up by the State which first made the appointment.
Article VIII
All charges of war, and all other expenses that shall be incurred for the common defence or general welfare, and allowed by the united States in congress assembled, shall be defrayed out of a common treasury, which shall be supplied by the several States, in proportion to the value of all land within each State, granted to or surveyed for any Person, as such land and the buildings and improvements thereon shall be estimated according to such mode as the united States in congress assembled, shall from time to time direct and appoint. The taxes for paying that proportion shall be laid and levied by the authority and direction of the legislatures of the several States within the time agreed upon by the united States in congress assembled.
Article IX
The united States in congress assembled, shall have the sole and exclusive right and power of determining on peace and war, except in the cases mentioned in the sixth article-of sending and receiving ambassadors-entering into treaties and alliances, provided that no treaty of commerce shall be made whereby the legislative power of the respective States shall be restrained from imposing such imposts and duties on foreigners, as their own people are subjected to, or from prohibiting the exportation or importation of any species of goods or commodities whatsoever - of establishing rules for deciding in all cases, what captures on land or water shall be legal, and in what manner prizes taken by land or naval forces in the service of the united States shall be divided or appropriated - of granting letters of marque and reprisal in times of peace - appointing courts for the trial of piracies and felonies committed on the high seas and establishing courts for receiving and determining finally appeals in all cases of captures, provided that no member of congress shall be appointed a judge of any of the said courts.
The united States in congress assembled shall also be the last resort on appeal in all disputes and differences now subsisting or that hereafter may arise between two or more States concerning boundary, jurisdiction or any other cause whatever; which authority shall always be exercised in the manner following. Whenever the legislative or executive authority or lawful agent State in controversy with another shall present a petition to congress, stating the matter in question and praying for a hearing, notice thereof shall be given by order of congress to the legislative or executive authority of the other State in controversy, and a day assigned for the appearance of the parties by their lawful agents, who shall then be directed to appoint by joint consent, commissioners or judges to constitute a court for hearing and determining the matter in question; but if they cannot agree, congress shall name three persons out of each of the united States, and from the list of such persons each party shall alternately strike out one, the petitioners beginning, until the number shall be reduced to thirteen; and from that number not less than seven, nor more than nine names as congress shall direct, shall in the presence of congress be drawn out by lot, and the persons whose names shall be so drawn or any five of them, shall be commissioners or judges, to hear and finally determine the controversy, so always as a major part of the judges who shall hear the cause shall agree in the determination: and if either party shall neglect to attend at the day appointed, without showing reasons, which congress shall judge sufficient, or being present shall refuse to strike, the congress shall proceed to nominate three persons out of each State, and the secretary of congress shall strike in behalf of such party absent or refusing; and the judgment and sentence of the court to be appointed, in the manner before prescribed, shall be final and conclusive; and if any of the parties shall refuse to submit to the authority of such court, or to appear to defend their claim or cause, the court shall nevertheless proceed to pronounce sentence, or judgment, which shall in like manner be final and decisive, the judgment or sentence and other proceedings being in either case transmitted to congress, and lodged among the acts of congress for the security of the parties concerned: provided that every commissioner, before he sits in judgment, shall take an oath to be administered by one of the judges of the supreme or superior court of the State, where the cause shall be tried, "well and truly to hear and determine the matter in question, according to the best of his judgment, without favor, affection or hope of reward;" provided also that no State shall be deprived of territory for the benefit of the united States.
All controversies concerning the private right of soil claimed under different grants of two or more States, whose jurisdictions as they may respect such lands, and the States which passed such grants are adjusted, the said grants or either of them being at the same time claimed to have originated antecedent to such settlement of jurisdiction, shall on the petition of either party to the congress of the united States, be finally determined as near as may be in the same manner as is before prescribed for deciding disputes respecting territorial jurisdiction between different States.
The united States in congress assembled shall also have the sole and exclusive right and power of regulating the alloy and value of coin struck by their own authority, or by that of the respective States - fixing the standard of weights and measures throughout the united States - regulating the trade and managing all affairs with the Indians, not members of any of the States, provided that the legislative right of any State within its own limits be not infringed or violated - establishing and regulating post offices from one State to another, throughout all the united States, and exacting such postage on the papers passing through the same as may be requisite to defray the expenses of the said office - appointing all officers of the land forces, in the service of the united States, excepting regimental officers - appointing all the officers of the naval forces, and commissioning all officers whatever in the service of the united States - making rules for the government and regulation of the said land and naval forces, and directing their operations.
The united States in congress assembled shall have authority to appoint a committee, to sit in the recess of congress, to be denominated "A Committee of the States," and to consist of one delegate from each State; and to appoint such other committees and civil officers as may be necessary for managing the general affairs of the united States under their direction - to appoint one of their number to preside, provided that no person be allowed to serve in the office of president more than one year in any term of three years; to ascertain the necessary sums of Money to be raised for the service of the united States, and to appropriate and apply the same for defraying the public expenses - to borrow money, or emit bills on the credit of the united States, transmitting every half year to the respective States an account of the sums of money so borrowed or emitted - to build and equip a navy - to agree upon the number of land forces, and to make requisitions from each State for its quota, in proportion to the number of white inhabitants in such State; which requisition shall be binding, and thereupon the legislature of each State shall appoint the regimental officers, raise the men and clothe, arm and equip them in a soldier like manner, at the expense of the united States, and the officers and men so clothed, armed and equipped shall march to the place appointed, and within the time agreed on by the united States in congress assembled. But if the united States in congress assembled shall, on consideration of circumstances judge proper that any State should not raise men, or should raise a smaller number than its quota, and that any other State should raise a greater number of men than the quota thereof, such extra number shall be raised, officered, clothed, armed and equipped in the same manner as the quota of such State, unless the legislature of such State shall judge that such extra number cannot be safely spared out of the same, in which case they shall raise officer, clothe, arm and equip as many of such extra number as they judge can be safely spared. And the officers and men so clothed, armed and equipped, shall march to the place appointed, and within the time agreed on by the united States in congress assembled.
The united States in congress assembled shall never engage in a war, nor grant letters of marque and reprisal in time of peace, nor enter into any treaties or alliances, nor coin money, nor regulate the value thereof, nor ascertain the sums and expenses necessary for the defence and welfare of the united States, or any of them, nor emit bills, nor borrow money on the credit of the united States, nor appropriate money, nor agree upon the number of vessels of war, to be built or purchased, or the number of land or sea forces to be raised, nor appoint a commander in chief of the army or navy, unless nine States assent to the same: nor shall a question on any other point, except for adjourning from day to day be determined, unless by the votes of a majority of the united States in congress assembled.
The congress of the united States shall have power to adjourn to any time within the year, and to any place within the united States, so that no period of adjournment be for a longer duration than the space of six Months, and shall publish the Journal of their proceedings monthly, except such parts thereof relating to treaties, alliances or military operations as in their judgment require secrecy; and the yeas and nays of the delegates of each State on any question shall be entered on the Journal, when it is desired by any delegate; and the delegates of a State, or any of them, at his or their request shall be furnished with a transcript of the said Journal, except such parts as are above excepted, to lay before the legislatures of the several States.
Article X
The committee of the States, or any nine of them, shall be authorized to execute, in the recess of congress, such of the powers of congress as the united States in congress assembled, by the consent of nine States, shall from time to time think expedient to vest them with; provided that no power be delegated to the said committee, for the exercise of which, by the articles of confederation, the voice of nine States in the congress of the united States assembled is requisite.
Article XI
Canada acceding to this confederation, and joining in the measures of the united States, shall be admitted into, and entitled to all the advantages of this union: but no other colony shall be admitted into the same, unless such admission be agreed to by nine States.
Article XII
All bills of credit emitted, monies borrowed and debts contracted by, or under the authority of congress, before the assembling of the united States, in pursuance of the present confederation, shall be deemed and considered as a charge against the united States, for payment and satisfaction whereof the said united States, and the public faith are hereby solemnly pledged.
Article XIII
Every State shall abide by the determinations of the united States in congress assembled, on all questions which by this confederation are submitted to them. And the Articles of this confederation shall be inviolably observed by every State, and the union shall be perpetual; nor shall any alteration at any time hereafter be made in any of them; unless such alteration be agreed to in a congress of the united States, and be afterwards confirmed by the legislatures of every State.
AND WHEREAS it hath pleased the Great Governor of the World to incline the hearts of the legislatures we respectively represent in congress, to approve of, and to authorize us to ratify the said articles of confederation and perpetual union. KNOW YE that we the undersigned delegates, by virtue of the power and authority to us given for that purpose, do by these Presents, in the name and in behalf of our respective constituents, fully and entirely ratify and confirm each and every of the said articles of confederation and perpetual union, and all and singular the matters and things therein contained: And we do further solemnly plight and engage the faith of our respective constituents, that they shall abide by the determinations of the united States in congress assembled, on all questions, which by the said confederation are submitted to them. And that the articles thereof shall be inviolably observed by the States we respectively represent, and that the union shall be perpetual. In Witness whereof we have hereunto set our hands in Congress. Done at Philadelphia in the State of Pennsylvania the ninth Day of July in the Year of our Lord one Thousand seven Hundred and Seventy-eight, and in the third year of the independence of America.
On the part and behalf of the State of New Hampshire: JOSIAH BARTLETT JOHN WENTWORTH JUNIOR. August 8th 1778
On the part and behalf of The State of Massachusetts Bay: JOHN HANCOCK SAMUEL ADAMS ELBRIDGE GERRY FRANCIS DANA JAMES LOVELL SAMUEL HOLTEN
On the Part and Behalf of the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations: WILLIAM ELLERY HENRY MARCHANT JOHN COLLINS
On the Part and Behalf of the State of Connecticut: ROGER SHERMAN SAMUEL HUNTINGTON OLIVER WOLCOTT TITUS HOSMER ANDREW ADAMS
On the Part and Behalf of the State of New York: JAMES DUANE FRANCIS LEWIS WILLIAM DUER GOUV MORRIS
On the Part and in Behalf of the State of New Jersey, November 116, 1778: JNO WITHERSPOON NATHANIEL SCUDDER
On the Part and Behalf of the State of Pennsylvania: ROBERT MORRIS DANIEL ROBERDEAU JOHN BAYARD SMITH WILLIAM CLINGAN JOSEPH REED 22nd July 1778
On the Part and Behalf of the State of Delaware: THOMAS McKEAN February 16, 1779 JOHN DICKINSON May 5th 1779 NICHOLAS VAN DYKE
On the Part and Behalf of the State of Maryland: JOHN HANSON March 1 1781 DANIEL CARROLL
On the Part and Behalf of the State of Virginia: RICHARD HENRY LEE JOHN BANISTER THOMAS ADAMS JNo HARVIE FRANCIS LIGHTFOOT LEE
On the Part and Behalf of the State of North Carolina: JOHN PENN July 21st 1778 CORNs HARNETT JNo WILLIAMS
On the Part and Behalf of the State of South Carolina: HENRY LAURENS WILLIAM HENRY DRAYTON JNo MATHEWS RICHD HUTSON THOMAS HEYWARD JUNIOR
On the Part and Behalf of the State of Georgia: JNo WALTON 24th July 1778 EDWARD TELFAIR EDWARD LANGWORTHY
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